一、概述
1.1 进程
Android框架对进程创建与管理进行了封装,对于APP开发者只需知道Android四大组件的使用。当Activity, Service, ContentProvider, BroadcastReceiver任一组件启动时,当其所承载的进程存在则直接使用,不存在则由框架代码自动调用startProcessLocked创建进程。一个APP可以拥有多个进程,多个APP也可以运行在同一个进程,通过配置Android:process属性来决定。所以说对APP来说进程几乎是透明的,但了解进程对于深刻理解Android系统是至关关键的。
1.2 优先级
Android系统的设计理念正是希望应用进程能尽量长时间地存活,以提升用户体验。应用首次打开比较慢,这个过程有进程创建以及Application等信息的初始化,所以应用在启动之后,即便退到后台并非立刻杀死,而是存活一段时间,这样下次再使用则会非常快。对于APP同样希望自身尽可能存活更长的时间,甚至探索各种保活黑科技。物极必反,系统处于低内存的状态下,手机性能会有所下降;系统继续放任所有进程一直存活,系统内存很快就会枯竭而亡,那么需要合理地进程回收机制。
到底该回收哪个进程呢?系统根据进程的组件状态来决定每个进程的优先级值ADJ,系统根据一定策略先杀优先级最低的进程,然后逐步杀优先级更低的进程,依此类推,以回收预期的可用系统资源,从而保证系统正常运转。
谈到优先级,可能有些人会想到Linux进程本身有nice值,这个能决定CPU资源调度的优先级;而本文介绍Android系统中的ADJ,主要决定在什么场景下什么类型的进程可能会被杀,影响的是进程存活时间。ADJ与nice值两者定位不同,不过也有一定的联系,优先级很高的进程,往往也是用户不希望被杀的进程,是具有有一定正相关性。
1.3 ADJ级别
从Android 7.0开始,ADJ采用100、200、300;在这之前的版本ADJ采用数字1、2、3,这样的调整可以更进一步地细化进程的优先级,比如在VISIBLE_APP_ADJ(100)与PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ(200)之间,可以有ADJ=101、102级别的进程。
- 省去lmk对oom_score_adj的计算过程,Android 7.0之前的版本,oom_score_adj= oom_adj * 1000/17; 而Android 7.0开始,oom_score_adj= oom_adj,不用再经过一次转换。
1.4 LMK
为了防止剩余内存过低,Android在内核空间有lowmemorykiller(简称LMK),LMK是通过注册shrinker来触发低内存回收的,这个机制并不太优雅,可能会拖慢Shrinkers内存扫描速度,已从内核4.12中移除,后续会采用用户空间的LMKD + memory cgroups机制,这里先不展开LMK讲解。
进程刚启动时ADJ等于INVALID_ADJ,当执行完attachApplication(),该该进程的curAdj和setAdj不相等,则会触发执行setOomAdj()将该进程的节点/proc/pid
/oom_score_adj写入oomadj值。下图参数为Android原生阈值,当系统剩余空闲内存低于某阈值(比如147MB),则从ADJ大于或等于相应阈值(比如900)的进程中,选择ADJ值最大的进程,如果存在多个ADJ相同的进程,则选择内存最大的进程。 如下是64位机器,LMK默认阈值图:
在updateOomLevels()过程,会根据手机屏幕尺寸或内存大小来调整scale,默认大多数手机内存都大于700MB,则scale等于1。对于64位手机,阈值会更大些,具体如下。
private void updateOomLevels(int displayWidth, int displayHeight, boolean write) {
...
for (int i=0; i<mOomAdj.length; i++) {
int low = mOomMinFreeLow[i];
int high = mOomMinFreeHigh[i];
if (is64bit) {
if (i == 4) high = (high*3)/2;
else if (i == 5) high = (high*7)/4;
}
mOomMinFree[i] = (int)(low + ((high-low)*scale));
}
}
二、解读ADJ
接下来,解读每个ADJ值都对应着怎样条件的进程,包括正在运行的组件以及这些组件的状态几何。这里重点介绍上图标红的ADJ级别所对应的进程。
Android系统中计算各进程ADJ算法的核心方法:
- updateOomAdjLocked:更新adj,当目标进程为空或者被杀则返回false;否则返回true;
- computeOomAdjLocked:计算adj,返回计算后RawAdj值;
- applyOomAdjLocked:应用adj,当需要杀掉目标进程则返回false;否则返回true。
当Android四大组件状态改变时会updateOomAdjLocked()来同步更新相应进程的ADJ优先级。这里需要说明一下,当同一个进程有多个决定其优先级的组件状态时,取优先级最高的ADJ作为最终的ADJ。另外,进程会通过设置maxAdj来限定ADJ的上限。
关于分析进程ADJ相关信息,常用命令如下:
- dumpsys meminfo,
- dumpsys activity o
- dumpsys activity p
2.0 ADJ<0的进程
- NATIVE_ADJ(-1000):是由init进程fork出来的Native进程,并不受system管控;
- SYSTEM_ADJ(-900):是指system_server进程;
- PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ(-800): 是指在AndroidManifest.xml中申明android:persistent=”true”的系统(即带有FLAG_SYSTEM标记)进程,persistent进程一般情况并不会被杀,即便被杀或者发生Crash系统会立即重新拉起该进程。
- PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ(-700):是由startIsolatedProcess()方式启动的进程,或者是由system_server或者persistent进程所绑定(并且带有BIND_ABOVE_CLIENT或者BIND_IMPORTANT)的服务进程
再来说一下其他优先级:
- BACKUP_APP_ADJ(300):执行bindBackupAgent()过程的进程
- HEAVY_WEIGHT_APP_ADJ(400): realStartActivityLocked()过程,当应用的privateFlags标识PRIVATE_FLAG_CANT_SAVE_STATE的进程;
- HOME_APP_ADJ(600):当类型为ACTIVITY_TYPE_HOME的应用,比如桌面APP
- PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ(700):用户上一个使用的APP进程
SYSTEM_ADJ(-900)
SYSTEM_ADJ: 仅指system_server进程。在执行SystemServer的startBootstrapServices()过程会调用AMS.setSystemProcess(),将system_server进程的maxAdj设置成SYSTEM_ADJ,源码如下:
public void setSystemProcess() {
...
ApplicationInfo info = mContext.getPackageManager().getApplicationInfo(
"android", STOCK_PM_FLAGS | MATCH_SYSTEM_ONLY);
mSystemThread.installSystemApplicationInfo(info, getClass().getClassLoader());
synchronized (this) {
ProcessRecord app = newProcessRecordLocked(info, info.processName, false, 0);
app.persistent = true;
app.pid = MY_PID;
app.maxAdj = ProcessList.SYSTEM_ADJ;
app.makeActive(mSystemThread.getApplicationThread(), mProcessStats);
synchronized (mPidsSelfLocked) {
mPidsSelfLocked.put(app.pid, app);
}
updateLruProcessLocked(app, false, null);
updateOomAdjLocked();
}
...
}
但system_server的ADJ并非等于-900,而是-800?是由于startPersistentApps()过程直接把其adj重新被设置为-800,这算是一个小BUG,但 其实目前来说对于ADJ<0的进程,LMK不会杀,两者没有什么区别。
PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ(-800)
PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ:在AndroidManifest.xml中申明android:persistent=”true”的系统(即带有FLAG_SYSTEM标记)进程,称之为persistent进程。对于persistent进程常规情况都不会被杀,一旦被杀或者发生Crash,进程会立即重启。
AMS.addAppLocked()或AMS.newProcessRecordLocked()过程会赋值:
场景1: newProcessRecordLocked
final ProcessRecord newProcessRecordLocked(ApplicationInfo info, String customProcess, boolean isolated, int isolatedUid) {
String proc = customProcess != null ? customProcess : info.processName;
final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(info.uid);
int uid = info.uid;
...
final ProcessRecord r = new ProcessRecord(stats, info, proc, uid);
if (!mBooted && !mBooting
&& userId == UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM
&& (info.flags & PERSISTENT_MASK) == PERSISTENT_MASK) {
r.persistent = true;
r.maxAdj = ProcessList.PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ;
}
if (isolated && isolatedUid != 0) {
r.maxAdj = ProcessList.PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ;
}
return r;
}
在每一次进程启动的时候都会判断该进程是否persistent进程,如果是则会设置maxAdj=PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ。 system_server进程应该也是persistent进程?
场景2:addAppLocked
final ProcessRecord addAppLocked(ApplicationInfo info, String customProcess, boolean isolated, String abiOverride) {
ProcessRecord app;
if (!isolated) {
app = getProcessRecordLocked(customProcess != null ? customProcess : info.processName,
info.uid, true);
} else {
app = null;
}
if (app == null) {
app = newProcessRecordLocked(info, customProcess, isolated, 0);
updateLruProcessLocked(app, false, null);
updateOomAdjLocked();
}
...
if ((info.flags & PERSISTENT_MASK) == PERSISTENT_MASK) {
app.persistent = true;
app.maxAdj = ProcessList.PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ;
}
if (app.thread == null && mPersistentStartingProcesses.indexOf(app) < 0) {
mPersistentStartingProcesses.add(app);
startProcessLocked(app, "added application",
customProcess != null ? customProcess : app.processName, abiOverride);
}
return app;
}
开机过程会先启动persistent进程,并赋予maxAdj为PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ,调用链:
startOtherServices()
AMS.systemReady
AMS.startPersistentApps
AMS.addAppLocked
PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ(-700)
PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ: startIsolatedProcess()方式启动的进程,或者是由system_server或者persistent进程所绑定的服务进程。
场景1:newProcessRecordLocked
final ProcessRecord newProcessRecordLocked(ApplicationInfo info, String customProcess, boolean isolated, int isolatedUid) {
String proc = customProcess != null ? customProcess : info.processName;
final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(info.uid);
int uid = info.uid;
...
final ProcessRecord r = new ProcessRecord(stats, info, proc, uid);
if (!mBooted && !mBooting
&& userId == UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM
&& (info.flags & PERSISTENT_MASK) == PERSISTENT_MASK) {
r.persistent = true;
r.maxAdj = ProcessList.PERSISTENT_PROC_ADJ;
}
if (isolated && isolatedUid != 0) { //startIsolatedProcess
r.maxAdj = ProcessList.PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ;
}
return r;
}
调用链:
startOtherServices
WebViewUpdateService.prepareWebViewInSystemServer
WebViewUpdateServiceImpl.prepareWebViewInSystemServer
WebViewUpdater.prepareWebViewInSystemServer
WebViewUpdater.onWebViewProviderChanged
SystemImpl.onWebViewProviderChanged
WebViewFactory.onWebViewProviderChanged
WebViewLibraryLoader.prepareNativeLibraries
WebViewLibraryLoader.createRelros
WebViewLibraryLoader.createRelroFile
AMS.startIsolatedProcess
BACKUP_APP_ADJ(300)
if (mBackupTarget != null && app == mBackupTarget.app) {
if (adj > ProcessList.BACKUP_APP_ADJ) {
adj = ProcessList.BACKUP_APP_ADJ;
if (procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_TRANSIENT_BACKGROUND) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_TRANSIENT_BACKGROUND;
}
app.adjType = "backup";
app.cached = false;
}
if (procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_BACKUP) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_BACKUP;
app.adjType = "backup";
}
}
- 执行bindBackupAgent()过程,设置mBackupTarget值;
- 执行clearPendingBackup()或unbindBackupAgent()过程,置空mBackupTarget值;
HEAVY_WEIGHT_APP_ADJ(400)
- realStartActivityLocked()过程,当应用的privateFlags标识PRIVATE_FLAG_CANT_SAVE_STATE,设置mHeavyWeightProcess值;
- finishHeavyWeightApp(), 置空mHeavyWeightProcess值;
HOME_APP_ADJ(600)
当类型为ACTIVITY_TYPE_HOME的应用启动后会设置mHomeProcess,比如桌面APP。
PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ(700)
场景1:用户上一个使用的包含UI的进程,为了给用户在两个APP之间更好的切换体验,将上一个进程ADJ设置到PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ的档次。 当activityStoppedLocked()过程会更新上一个应用。
if (app == mPreviousProcess && app.activities.size() > 0) {
if (adj > ProcessList.PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ) {
adj = ProcessList.PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ;
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND;
app.cached = false;
app.adjType = "previous";
}
if (procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_LAST_ACTIVITY) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_LAST_ACTIVITY;
app.adjType = "previous";
}
}
场景2: 当provider进程,上一次使用时间不超过20S的情况下,优先级不低于PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ。provider进程这个是Android 7.0以后新增的逻辑 ,这样做的好处是在内存比较低的情况下避免拥有provider的进程出现颠簸,也就是启动后杀,然后又被拉。
if (app.lastProviderTime > 0 &&
(app.lastProviderTime+mConstants.CONTENT_PROVIDER_RETAIN_TIME) > now) {
if (adj > ProcessList.PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ) {
adj = ProcessList.PREVIOUS_APP_ADJ;
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND;
app.cached = false;
app.adjType = "recent-provider";
}
if (procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_LAST_ACTIVITY) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_LAST_ACTIVITY;
app.adjType = "recent-provider";
}
}
2.1 FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ(0)
场景1:满足以下任一条件的进程都属于FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ(0)优先级:
- 正处于resumed状态的Activity
- 正执行一个生命周期回调的Service(比如执行onCreate,onStartCommand,onDestroy等)
- 正执行onReceive()的BroadcastReceiver
- 通过startInstrumentation()启动的进程
源码如下:
if (PROCESS_STATE_CUR_TOP == ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_TOP && app == TOP_APP) {
adj = ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_TOP_APP;
app.adjType = "top-activity";
foregroundActivities = true;
procState = PROCESS_STATE_CUR_TOP;
} else if (app.instr != null) {
adj = ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT;
app.adjType = "instrumentation";
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_FOREGROUND_SERVICE;
} else if (isReceivingBroadcastLocked(app, mTmpBroadcastQueue)) {
adj = ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
schedGroup = (mTmpBroadcastQueue.contains(mFgBroadcastQueue))
? ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT : ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND;
app.adjType = "broadcast";
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_RECEIVER;
} else if (app.executingServices.size() > 0) {
adj = ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
schedGroup = app.execServicesFg ?
ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT : ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND;
app.adjType = "exec-service";
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_SERVICE;
} else if (app == TOP_APP) {
adj = ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND;
app.adjType = "top-sleeping";
foregroundActivities = true;
procState = PROCESS_STATE_CUR_TOP;
} else {
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND;
adj = cachedAdj;
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_EMPTY;
app.cached = true;
app.empty = true;
app.adjType = "cch-empty";
}
场景2: 当客户端进程activity里面调用bindService()方法时flags带有BIND_ADJUST_WITH_ACTIVITY参数,并且该activity处于可见状态,则当前服务进程也属于前台进程,源码如下:
for (int is = app.services.size()-1; is >= 0; is--) {
ServiceRecord s = app.services.valueAt(is);
for (int conni = s.connections.size()-1; conni >= 0; conni--) {
ArrayList<ConnectionRecord> clist = s.connections.valueAt(conni);
for (int i = 0; i < clist.size(); i++) {
ConnectionRecord cr = clist.get(i);
if ((cr.flags&Context.BIND_WAIVE_PRIORITY) == 0) {
...
}
final ActivityRecord a = cr.activity;
if ((cr.flags&Context.BIND_ADJUST_WITH_ACTIVITY) != 0) {
if (a != null && adj > ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ &&
(a.visible || a.state == ActivityState.RESUMED ||
a.state == ActivityState.PAUSING)) {
adj = ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
if ((cr.flags&Context.BIND_NOT_FOREGROUND) == 0) {
if ((cr.flags&Context.BIND_IMPORTANT) != 0) {
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_TOP_APP_BOUND;
} else {
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT;
}
}
app.cached = false;
app.adjType = "service";
app.adjTypeCode = ActivityManager.RunningAppProcessInfo
.REASON_SERVICE_IN_USE;
app.adjSource = a;
app.adjSourceProcState = procState;
app.adjTarget = s.name;
}
}
}
}
}
provider客户端
场景3: 对于provider进程,还有以下两个条件能成为前台进程:
- 当Provider的客户端进程ADJ<=FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ时,则Provider进程ADJ等于FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ
- 当Provider有外部(非框架)进程依赖,也就是调用了getContentProviderExternal()方法,则ADJ至少等于FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ
for (int provi = app.pubProviders.size()-1; provi >= 0; provi--) {
ContentProviderRecord cpr = app.pubProviders.valueAt(provi);
//根据client来调整provider进程的adj和procState
for (int i = cpr.connections.size()-1; i >= 0; i--) {
ContentProviderConnection conn = cpr.connections.get(i);
ProcessRecord client = conn.client;
int clientAdj = computeOomAdjLocked(client, cachedAdj, TOP_APP, doingAll, now);
if (adj > clientAdj) {
if (app.hasShownUi && app != mHomeProcess
&& clientAdj > ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
...
} else {
adj = clientAdj > ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ
? clientAdj : ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
adjType = "provider";
}
app.cached &= client.cached;
}
...
}
//根据provider外部依赖情况来调整adj和schedGroup
if (cpr.hasExternalProcessHandles()) {
if (adj > ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ) {
adj = ProcessList.FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT;
app.cached = false;
app.adjType = "ext-provider";
app.adjTarget = cpr.name;
}
}
}
2.2 VISIBLE_APP_ADJ(100)
可见进程:当ActivityRecord的visible=true,也就是Activity可见的进程。
if (!foregroundActivities && activitiesSize > 0) {
int minLayer = ProcessList.VISIBLE_APP_LAYER_MAX;
for (int j = 0; j < activitiesSize; j++) {
final ActivityRecord r = app.activities.get(j);
if (r.visible) {
if (adj > ProcessList.VISIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
adj = ProcessList.VISIBLE_APP_ADJ;
app.adjType = "vis-activity";
}
if (procState > PROCESS_STATE_CUR_TOP) {
procState = PROCESS_STATE_CUR_TOP;
app.adjType = "vis-activity";
}
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT;
app.cached = false;
app.empty = false;
foregroundActivities = true;
final TaskRecord task = r.getTask();
if (task != null && minLayer > 0) {
final int layer = task.mLayerRank;
if (layer >= 0 && minLayer > layer) {
minLayer = layer;
}
}
break;
}
...
}
if (adj == ProcessList.VISIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
adj += minLayer;
}
}
从Android P开始,进一步细化ADJ级别,增加了VISIBLE_APP_LAYER_MAX(99),是指VISIBLE_APP_ADJ(100)跟PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ(200)之间有99个槽,则可见级别ADJ的取值范围为[100,199]。 算法会根据其所在task的mLayerRank来调整其ADJ,100加上mLayerRank就等于目标ADJ,layer越大,则ADJ越小。
关于TaskRecord的mLayerRank的计算方式是在updateOomAdjLocked()过程调用ASS的rankTaskLayersIfNeeded()方法,如下:
[-> ActivityStackSupervisor.java]
void rankTaskLayersIfNeeded() {
if (!mTaskLayersChanged) {
return;
}
mTaskLayersChanged = false;
for (int displayNdx = 0; displayNdx < mActivityDisplays.size(); displayNdx++) {
final ActivityDisplay display = mActivityDisplays.valueAt(displayNdx);
int baseLayer = 0;
for (int stackNdx = display.getChildCount() - 1; stackNdx >= 0; --stackNdx) {
final ActivityStack stack = display.getChildAt(stackNdx);
baseLayer += stack.rankTaskLayers(baseLayer);
}
}
}
[-> ActivityStack.java]
final int rankTaskLayers(int baseLayer) {
int layer = 0;
for (int taskNdx = mTaskHistory.size() - 1; taskNdx >= 0; --taskNdx) {
final TaskRecord task = mTaskHistory.get(taskNdx);
ActivityRecord r = task.topRunningActivityLocked();
if (r == null || r.finishing || !r.visible) {
task.mLayerRank = -1;
} else {
task.mLayerRank = baseLayer + layer++;
}
}
return layer;
}
当TaskRecord顶部的ActivityRecord为空或者结束或者不可见时,则设置该TaskRecord的mLayerRank等于-1; 每个ActivityDisplay的baseLayer都是从0开始,从最上面的TaskRecord开始,第一个ADJ=100,从上至下依次加1,直到199为上限。
service客户端
ServiceRecord的成员变量startRequested=true,是指被显式调用了startService()方法。当service被stop或kill会将其置为false。
一般情况下,即便客户端进程处于前台进程(ADJ=0)级别,服务进程只会提升到可见(ADJ=1)级别。以下flags是由调用bindService()过程所传递的flags来决定的。作为工程师很多时候可能还是想看看源码,show me the code。但是关于ADJ计算这一块源码场景computeOomAdjLocked(),Google真心写得比较乱,为了更清晰地说明客户端进程如何影响服务进程,在保证不失去原意的情况下重写了这块部分逻辑:
这个过程主要根据service本身、client端情况以及activity状态分别来调整adj和schedGroup
for (int is = app.services.size()-1; is >= 0; is--) {
ServiceRecord s = app.services.valueAt(is);
if (s.startRequested) {
... // 根据service本身调整adj和adjType
}
for (int conni = s.connections.size()-1; conni >= 0; conni--) {
ArrayList<ConnectionRecord> clist = s.connections.valueAt(conni);
for (int i = 0; i < clist.size(); i++) {
ConnectionRecord cr = clist.get(i);
//根据client端来调整adj
if ((cr.flags&Context.BIND_WAIVE_PRIORITY) == 0) {
if (adj > clientAdj) {
if (app.hasShownUi && app != mHomeProcess
&& clientAdj > ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
...
} else {
int newAdj = clientAdj;
if ((cr.flags&(Context.BIND_ABOVE_CLIENT
|Context.BIND_IMPORTANT)) != 0) {
if(clientAdj < ProcessList.PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ) {
newAdj = PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ;
}
} else if ((cr.flags&Context.BIND_NOT_VISIBLE) != 0) {
if(clientAdj < ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
newAdj = PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ;
}
} else {
if (clientAdj < ProcessList.VISIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
newAdj = VISIBLE_APP_ADJ;
}
}
if (adj > newAdj) {
adj = newAdj;
adjType = "service";
}
}
}
}
final ActivityRecord a = cr.activity;
// 根据client的activity来调整adj和schedGroup
if ((cr.flags&Context.BIND_ADJUST_WITH_ACTIVITY) != 0) {
...
}
}
}
}
上段代码说明服务端进程优先级(adj)不会低于客户端进程优先级(newAdj),而newAdj的上限受限于flags,具体服务端进程受客户端进程影响的ADJ上限如下:
- BIND_ABOVE_CLIENT或BIND_IMPORTANT的情况下,ADJ上限为PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ;
- BIND_NOT_VISIBLE的情况下, ADJ上限为PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ;
- 否则,一般情况下,ADJ上限为VISIBLE_APP_ADJ;
由此,可见当bindService过程带有BIND_ABOVE_CLIENT或者BIND_IMPORTANT flags的同时,客户端进程ADJ小于或等于PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ的情况下,该进程则为PERSISTENT_SERVICE_ADJ。另外,即便是启动过Activity的进程,当客户端进程ADJ<=200时,还是可以提升该服务进程的优先级。
2.3 PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ(200)
可感知进程:当该进程存在不可见的Activity,但Activity正处于PAUSING、PAUSED、STOPPING状态,则为PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ
if (!foregroundActivities && activitiesSize > 0) {
int minLayer = ProcessList.VISIBLE_APP_LAYER_MAX;
for (int j = 0; j < activitiesSize; j++) {
final ActivityRecord r = app.activities.get(j);
if (r.visible) {
...
} else if (r.state == ActivityState.PAUSING || r.state == ActivityState.PAUSED) {
if (adj > ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
adj = ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ;
app.adjType = "pause-activity";
}
if (procState > PROCESS_STATE_CUR_TOP) {
procState = PROCESS_STATE_CUR_TOP;
app.adjType = "pause-activity";
}
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT;
app.cached = false;
app.empty = false;
foregroundActivities = true;
} else if (r.state == ActivityState.STOPPING) {
if (adj > ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ) {
adj = ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ;
app.adjType = "stop-activity";
}
if (!r.finishing) {
if (procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_LAST_ACTIVITY) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_LAST_ACTIVITY;
app.adjType = "stop-activity";
}
}
app.cached = false;
app.empty = false;
foregroundActivities = true;
}
}
}
满足以下任一条件的进程也属于可感知进程:
- foregroundServices非空:前台服务进程,执行startForegroundService()方法
- app.forcingToImportant非空:执行setProcessImportant()方法,比如Toast弹出过程。
- hasOverlayUi非空:非activity的UI位于屏幕最顶层,比如显示类型TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY的窗口
if (adj > ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ
|| procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_FOREGROUND_SERVICE) {
if (app.foregroundServices) {
adj = ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ;
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_FOREGROUND_SERVICE;
app.cached = false;
app.adjType = "fg-service";
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT;
} else if (app.hasOverlayUi) {
adj = ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ;
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_IMPORTANT_FOREGROUND;
app.cached = false;
app.adjType = "has-overlay-ui";
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT;
}
}
if (adj > ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ
|| procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_TRANSIENT_BACKGROUND) {
if (app.forcingToImportant != null) {
adj = ProcessList.PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ;
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_TRANSIENT_BACKGROUND;
app.cached = false;
app.adjType = "force-imp";
app.adjSource = app.forcingToImportant;
schedGroup = ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT;
}
}
2.4 SERVICE_ADJ(500)
服务进程:没有启动过Activity,并且30分钟之内活跃过的服务进程。 startRequested为true,则代表执行startService()且没有stop的进程。
for (int is = app.services.size()-1; is >= 0; is--) {
ServiceRecord s = app.services.valueAt(is);
if (s.startRequested) {
app.hasStartedServices = true;
if (procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_SERVICE) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_SERVICE;
app.adjType = "started-services";
}
if (app.hasShownUi && app != mHomeProcess) {
if (adj > ProcessList.SERVICE_ADJ) {
app.adjType = "cch-started-ui-services";
}
} else {
if (now < (s.lastActivity + mConstants.MAX_SERVICE_INACTIVITY)) {
if (adj > ProcessList.SERVICE_ADJ) {
adj = ProcessList.SERVICE_ADJ;
app.adjType = "started-services";
app.cached = false;
}
}
}
}
for (int conni = s.connections.size()-1; conni >= 0; conni--) {
... //根据client情况来调整adj
}
}
2.5 SERVICE_B_ADJ(800)
进程由SERVICE_ADJ(500)降低到SERVICE_B_ADJ(800),有以下两种情况:
- A类Service占比过高:当A类Service个数 > Service总数的1/3时,则加入到B类Service。换句话说,B Service的个数至少是A Service的2倍。
- 内存紧张&&A类Service占用内存较高:当系统内存紧张级别(mLastMemoryLevel)高于ADJ_MEM_FACTOR_NORMAL,且该应用所占内存lastPss大于或等于CACHED_APP_MAX_ADJ级别所对应的内存阈值的1/3(默认值阈值约等于110MB)。
源码如下:
if (adj == ProcessList.SERVICE_ADJ) {
if (doingAll) {
app.serviceb = mNewNumAServiceProcs > (mNumServiceProcs/3);
mNewNumServiceProcs++;
if (!app.serviceb) {
if (mLastMemoryLevel > ProcessStats.ADJ_MEM_FACTOR_NORMAL
&& app.lastPss >= mProcessList.getCachedRestoreThresholdKb()) {
app.serviceHighRam = true;
app.serviceb = true;
} else {
mNewNumAServiceProcs++;
}
} else {
app.serviceHighRam = false;
}
}
if (app.serviceb) {
adj = ProcessList.SERVICE_B_ADJ;
}
}
ADJ_MEM_FACTOR
这里顺便一下,内存因子ADJ_MEM_FACTOR共有4个级别,当前处于哪个内存因子级别,取决于当前进程中cached进程和空进程的个数。
final int numCachedAndEmpty = numCached + numEmpty;
int memFactor;
if (numCached <= mConstants.CUR_TRIM_CACHED_PROCESSES
&& numEmpty <= mConstants.CUR_TRIM_EMPTY_PROCESSES) {
if (numCachedAndEmpty <= ProcessList.TRIM_CRITICAL_THRESHOLD) {
memFactor = ProcessStats.ADJ_MEM_FACTOR_CRITICAL;
} else if (numCachedAndEmpty <= ProcessList.TRIM_LOW_THRESHOLD) {
memFactor = ProcessStats.ADJ_MEM_FACTOR_LOW;
} else {
memFactor = ProcessStats.ADJ_MEM_FACTOR_MODERATE;
}
} else {
memFactor = ProcessStats.ADJ_MEM_FACTOR_NORMAL;
}
ADJ内存因子:决定允许后台运行Jobs的最大上限,以及决定TrimMemory的级别(包括ThreadedRenderer的回收级别),再进一步来看看内存因子:
也就是说
默认情况取值如下:
- 最大缓存进程个数:CUR_MAX_CACHED_PROCESSES = MAX_CACHED_PROCESSES = 32
- 最大空进程个数: CUR_MAX_EMPTY_PROCESSES = MAX_CACHED_PROCESSES/2 = 16
- Trim空进程上限:CUR_TRIM_EMPTY_PROCESSES = MAX_CACHED_PROCESSES/4 = 8
- Trim缓存进程上限:CUR_TRIM_CACHED_PROCESSES = MAX_CACHED_PROCESSES/6 = 5
当mOverrideMaxCachedProcesses有值的情况下,最大缓存进程个数和最大空进程个数上限优先取mOverrideMaxCachedProcesses,可通过AMS.setProcessLimit(int max)调整mOverrideMaxCachedProcesses值;Trim的缓存进程和空进程上限不受mOverrideMaxCachedProcesses影响。
再来看看cached和empty进程:
final int emptyProcessLimit = mConstants.CUR_MAX_EMPTY_PROCESSES;
final int cachedProcessLimit = mConstants.CUR_MAX_CACHED_PROCESSES - emptyProcessLimit;
final long oldTime = now - ProcessList.MAX_EMPTY_TIME;
switch (app.curProcState) {
case ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY:
case ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY_CLIENT:
mNumCachedHiddenProcs++;
numCached++;
//默认cachedProcessLimit=16
if (numCached > cachedProcessLimit) {
app.kill("cached #" + numCached, true);
}
break;
case ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_EMPTY:
//默认CUR_TRIM_EMPTY_PROCESSES=8, 且满足30min
if (numEmpty > mConstants.CUR_TRIM_EMPTY_PROCESSES
&& app.lastActivityTime < oldTime) {
app.kill("empty for "
+ ((oldTime + ProcessList.MAX_EMPTY_TIME - app.lastActivityTime)
/ 1000) + "s", true);
} else {
numEmpty++;
//默认cachedProcessLimit=16
if (numEmpty > emptyProcessLimit) {
app.kill("empty #" + numEmpty, true);
}
}
break;
default:
mNumNonCachedProcs++;
break;
用于限制empty或cached进程的上限为16个,并且empty超过8个时会清理掉30分钟没有活跃的进程。 cached和empty主要是区别是否有Activity。
2.6 CACHED_APP_MIN_ADJ(900)
缓存进程优先级从CACHED_APP_MIN_ADJ(900)到 CACHED_APP_MAX_ADJ(906)。
ADJ的转换算法:
- cached: 900, 901, 903, 905
- empty: 900, 902, 904, 906
final int N = mLruProcesses.size();
//numSlots等于3
int numSlots = (ProcessList.CACHED_APP_MAX_ADJ
- ProcessList.CACHED_APP_MIN_ADJ + 1) / 2;
//mNumNonCachedProcs是指empty和cached之外的进程, mNumCachedHiddenProcs代表的是cached进程个数
int numEmptyProcs = N - mNumNonCachedProcs - mNumCachedHiddenProcs;
if (numEmptyProcs > cachedProcessLimit) {
numEmptyProcs = cachedProcessLimit;
}
//emptyFactor和cachedFactor分别代表每个slot里面包括的进程个数,大于或等于1
int emptyFactor = numEmptyProcs/numSlots;
int cachedFactor = (mNumCachedHiddenProcs > 0 ? mNumCachedHiddenProcs : 1)/numSlots;
mNumNonCachedProcs = 0;
mNumCachedHiddenProcs = 0;
int curCachedAdj = ProcessList.CACHED_APP_MIN_ADJ;
int nextCachedAdj = curCachedAdj+1;
int curEmptyAdj = ProcessList.CACHED_APP_MIN_ADJ;
int nextEmptyAdj = curEmptyAdj+2;
for (int i=N-1; i>=0; i--) {
ProcessRecord app = mLruProcesses.get(i);
if (!app.killedByAm && app.thread != null) {
app.procStateChanged = false;
computeOomAdjLocked(app, ProcessList.UNKNOWN_ADJ, TOP_APP, true, now);
if (app.curAdj >= ProcessList.UNKNOWN_ADJ) {
switch (app.curProcState) {
case ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY:
case ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY_CLIENT:
case ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_RECENT:
app.curRawAdj = curCachedAdj;
app.curAdj = app.modifyRawOomAdj(curCachedAdj);
if (curCachedAdj != nextCachedAdj) {
stepCached++;
if (stepCached >= cachedFactor) {
stepCached = 0;
curCachedAdj = nextCachedAdj;
nextCachedAdj += 2; //每次加2
if (nextCachedAdj > ProcessList.CACHED_APP_MAX_ADJ) {
nextCachedAdj = ProcessList.CACHED_APP_MAX_ADJ;
}
}
}
break;
default:
app.curRawAdj = curEmptyAdj;
//ADJ阈值
app.curAdj = app.modifyRawOomAdj(curEmptyAdj);
if (curEmptyAdj != nextEmptyAdj) {
stepEmpty++;
if (stepEmpty >= emptyFactor) {
stepEmpty = 0;
curEmptyAdj = nextEmptyAdj;
nextEmptyAdj += 2; //每次加2
if (nextEmptyAdj > ProcessList.CACHED_APP_MAX_ADJ) {
nextEmptyAdj = ProcessList.CACHED_APP_MAX_ADJ;
}
}
}
break;
}
}
applyOomAdjLocked(app, true, now, nowElapsed);
...
}
}
numSlots=3, emptyFactor= 空进程个数/3, cachedFactor= 缓存进程个数/3,
再来看看PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY的定义:
if (!foregroundActivities && activitiesSize > 0) {
for (int j = 0; j < activitiesSize; j++) {
final ActivityRecord r = app.activities.get(j);
if (r.visible) {
...
} else if (r.state == ActivityState.PAUSING || r.state == ActivityState.PAUSED) {
...
} else if (r.state == ActivityState.STOPPING) {
...
} else {
if (procState > ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY;
app.adjType = "cch-act";
}
}
}
}
foregroundActivities代表当前不是前台(FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ)进程,并且存在Activity的进程,当该Activity窗口不可见,并且不处于PAUSING(正在)、PAUSED(onPause个)、STOPPING的任一状态的情况下,则设置该进程为PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY。
PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY_CLIENT的定义:
if (procState >= ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_EMPTY) {
if (app.hasClientActivities) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY_CLIENT;
app.adjType = "cch-client-act";
} else if (app.treatLikeActivity) {
procState = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_CACHED_ACTIVITY;
app.adjType = "cch-as-act";
}
}
当该进程Service的客户端进程存在Activity或者是treatLikeActivity的进程,其进程状态都是cached进程。
三、查看进程优先级
3.1 CPU调度优先级
bindService或者startService是否前台调用取决于caller进程的调度组。当caller属于SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND则认为是后台调用,当不属于SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND则认为是前台调用。callerFg = callerApp.setSchedGroup != ProcessList.SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND;
关于CPU调度组:THREAD_GROUP_TOP_APP
- SCHED_GROUP_TOP_APP:
- setRenderThread()过程,根据属性sys.use_fifo_ui来决定采用SCHED_FIFO,或者设置当前线程的优先级为-10
- TOP_APP或者app.hasTopUi,则设置为该值
- SCHED_GROUP_TOP_APP_BOUND:
- 对于ConnectionRecord带有BIND_ADJUST_WITH_ACTIVITY和BIND_IMPORTANT,并且没带有BIND_NOT_FOREGROUND的情况下, 当客户端进程的有可见的Activity,或者处于RESUMED/PAUSING状态时,则设置为该值
当进程调度级别由非TOP切换到TOP级别,则主线程和rendThread可设置为SCHED_FIFO或者更高优先级;当由TOP级别切换回非TOP级别,则恢复原来的调度策略或优先级。
THREAD_GROUP_DEFAULT
- SCHED_GROUP_DEFAULT:
- 默认值
- ADJ <= FOREGROUND_APP_ADJ;
- 正在接收来自于mFgBroadcastQueue广播队列的广播;
- 正在执行来自于前台调度进程发起的服务(execServicesFg=true)
- Activity处于可见状态(visible=true)
- 具有fg-service或者设置forcingToImportant的服务
- 正在显示一个overlay UI(app.hasOverlayUi=true)
- 当ConnectionRecord同时没有指定BIND_NOT_FOREGROUND和BIND_IMPORTANT_BACKGROUND、BIND_IMPORTANT情况下, 当客户端进程的schedGroup高于服务进程,则设置为该值
- 对于ConnectionRecord带有BIND_ADJUST_WITH_ACTIVITY,并且没带有BIND_NOT_FOREGROUND和BIND_IMPORTANT的情况下, 当客户端进程的有可见的Activity,或者处于RESUMED/PAUSING状态时,则设置为该值
- 当ContentProviderConnection所对应的客户端进程的schedGroup高于服务进程,则设置为该值
- 当cpr.hasExternalProcessHandles为true的情况
- 最后,当maxAdj <= PERCEPTIBLE_APP_ADJ的情况
THREAD_GROUP_BG_NONINTERACTIVE
- SCHED_GROUP_BACKGROUND:
- 应用已结束(app.thread == null)
- 正在接收来自于mBgBroadcastQueue广播队列的广播;
- 正在执行来自于前台调度进程发起的服务(execServicesFg=false)
- TOP_APP,且设备处于睡眠状态
- 等等
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