调度器初始化完成之后启动了第一个线程gp,gp执行的就是main函数
参见 runtime/proc.go
func main() {
g := getg()
// Racectx of m0->g0 is used only as the parent of the main goroutine.
// It must not be used for anything else.
g.m.g0.racectx = 0
// Max stack size is 1 GB on 64-bit, 250 MB on 32-bit.
// Using decimal instead of binary GB and MB because
// they look nicer in the stack overflow failure message.
if sys.PtrSize == 8 {
maxstacksize = 1000000000
} else {
maxstacksize = 250000000
}
// Allow newproc to start new Ms.
mainStarted = true
if GOARCH != "wasm" { // no threads on wasm yet, so no sysmon
systemstack(func() {
//创建监控线程，该线程独立于调度器，不需要跟 p 关联即可运行
newm(sysmon, nil)
})
}
// Lock the main goroutine onto this, the main OS thread,
// during initialization. Most programs won't care, but a few
// do require certain calls to be made by the main thread.
// Those can arrange for main.main to run in the main thread
// by calling runtime.LockOSThread during initialization
// to preserve the lock.
lockOSThread()
if g.m != &m0 {
throw("runtime.main not on m0")
}
// 调用 runtime 包的初始化函数，由编译器实现
doInit(&runtime_inittask) // must be before defer
if nanotime() == 0 {
throw("nanotime returning zero")
}
// Defer unlock so that runtime.Goexit during init does the unlock too.
needUnlock := true
defer func() {
if needUnlock {
unlockOSThread()
}
}()
// Record when the world started.
runtimeInitTime = nanotime()
// 开启垃圾回收器
gcenable()
main_init_done = make(chan bool)
if iscgo {
if _cgo_thread_start == nil {
throw("_cgo_thread_start missing")
}
if GOOS != "windows" {
if _cgo_setenv == nil {
throw("_cgo_setenv missing")
}
if _cgo_unsetenv == nil {
throw("_cgo_unsetenv missing")
}
}
if _cgo_notify_runtime_init_done == nil {
throw("_cgo_notify_runtime_init_done missing")
}
// Start the template thread in case we enter Go from
// a C-created thread and need to create a new thread.
startTemplateThread()
cgocall(_cgo_notify_runtime_init_done, nil)
}
// main 包的初始化，递归的调用我们 import 进来的包的初始化函数
doInit(&main_inittask)
close(main_init_done)
needUnlock = false
unlockOSThread()
if isarchive || islibrary {
// A program compiled with -buildmode=c-archive or c-shared
// has a main, but it is not executed.
return
}
// 调用 main.main 函数
fn := main_main // make an indirect call, as the linker doesn't know the address of the main package when laying down the runtime
fn()
if raceenabled {
racefini()
}
// Make racy client program work: if panicking on
// another goroutine at the same time as main returns,
// let the other goroutine finish printing the panic trace.
// Once it does, it will exit. See issues 3934 and 20018.
if atomic.Load(&runningPanicDefers) != 0 {
// Running deferred functions should not take long.
for c := 0; c < 1000; c++ {
if atomic.Load(&runningPanicDefers) == 0 {
break
}
Gosched()
}
}
if atomic.Load(&panicking) != 0 {
gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonPanicWait, traceEvGoStop, 1)
}
// 进入系统调用，退出进程，可以看出 main goroutine 并未返回，而是直接进入系统调用退出进程了
exit(0)
// 保护性代码，如果 exit 意外返回，下面的代码会让该进程 crash 死掉
for {
var x *int32
*x = 0
}
}
image.png
main goroutine 执行完之后就直接调用 exit(0) 退出了，这会导致整个进程退出。
之前在创建gp的时候将runtime.goexit 函数放入栈顶。这是针对非 main goroutine 起作用
非 的退出流程。
非 main goroutine 后文我们就称 gp
gp执行完后会调用到 runtime·goexit1。
func goexit1() {
if raceenabled {
racegoend()
}
if trace.enabled {
traceGoEnd()
}
mcall(goexit0)
}
mcall 函数会调用g0来执行goexit0(gp *g)清理g0
goexit0(gp *g) {
//g0 执行清理gp
_g_ := getg()
casgstatus(gp, _Grunning, _Gdead)
if isSystemGoroutine(gp, false) {
atomic.Xadd(&sched.ngsys, -1)
}
gp.m = nil
locked := gp.lockedm != 0
gp.lockedm = 0
_g_.m.lockedg = 0
gp.preemptStop = false
gp.paniconfault = false
gp._defer = nil // should be true already but just in case.
gp._panic = nil // non-nil for Goexit during panic. points at stack-allocated data.
gp.writebuf = nil
gp.waitreason = 0
gp.param = nil
gp.labels = nil
gp.timer = nil
if gcBlackenEnabled != 0 && gp.gcAssistBytes > 0 {
// Flush assist credit to the global pool. This gives
// better information to pacing if the application is
// rapidly creating an exiting goroutines.
scanCredit := int64(gcController.assistWorkPerByte * float64(gp.gcAssistBytes))
atomic.Xaddint64(&gcController.bgScanCredit, scanCredit)
gp.gcAssistBytes = 0
}
dropg()
if GOARCH == "wasm" { // no threads yet on wasm
gfput(_g_.m.p.ptr(), gp)
schedule() // never returns
}
if _g_.m.lockedInt != 0 {
print("invalid m->lockedInt = ", _g_.m.lockedInt, "\n")
throw("internal lockOSThread error")
}
//加入协程缓冲池
gfput(_g_.m.p.ptr(), gp)
if locked {
// The goroutine may have locked this thread because
// it put it in an unusual kernel state. Kill it
// rather than returning it to the thread pool.
// Return to mstart, which will release the P and exit
// the thread.
if GOOS != "plan9" { // See golang.org/issue/22227.
gogo(&_g_.m.g0.sched)
} else {
// Clear lockedExt on plan9 since we may end up re-using
// this thread.
_g_.m.lockedExt = 0
}
}
//继续调度
schedule()
}
到这里，gp 就完成了它的历史使命，功成身退，进入了 goroutine 缓存池，待下次有任务再重新启用。
goexit0做的是工作如下
把 g 的状态从 _Grunning 更新为 _Gdead；
清空 g 的一些字段；
调用 dropg 函数解除 g 和 m 之间的关系，其实就是设置 g->m = nil, m->currg = nil；
把 g 放入 p 的 freeg 队列缓存起来供下次创建 g 时快速获取而不用从内存分配。freeg 就是 g 的一个对象池；
调用 schedule 函数再次进行调度。
总结
对于main gorountine 执行完代码之后直接退出。
对于普通 gorountine 执行完代码后要跳转到goexit，之后跳转到goexit1,再之后mcall(goexit0),切换到g0栈执行goexit0
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