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Linux运维-day51-综合架构-nginx负载均衡

Linux运维-day51-综合架构-nginx负载均衡

作者: 文娟_狼剩 | 来源:发表于2019-06-13 23:21 被阅读0次

    一、测试环境

    1.1 环境准备

    lb02服务器(内网:10.0.0.6,外网:172.16.1.6)
    web01服务器(内网:10.0.0.7,外网:172.16.1.7)
    wen02服务器(内网:10.0.0.8,外网:172.16.1.8)

    1.2 配置环境

    1>每台服务器配置nginx的yum源

    [root@web ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo
    [nginx]
    name=nginx repo
    baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/$basearch/
    gpgcheck=0      \\检查模块
    enabled=1      \\开启模块
    

    2>每台服务器安装nginx

    yum install -y nginx

    3>启动nginx服务,并设置开机自启动

    启动nginx服务:systemctl start nginx
    设置开机自启动:systemctl enable nginx

    二、nginx负载均衡的配置

    2.1 在web01和web02都配置 www.oldboy.comblog.oldboy.com域名

    [root@web01 /etc/nginx/conf.d]# vim 01-www.conf
    server   {
        listen      80;
        server_name  www.oldboy.com;
       access_log  /var/log/nginx/access_www.log  main  ;
        root   /app/www;
        location / {
        index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    }
                                                                           
    [root@web01 /etc/nginx/conf.d]# vim 02-blog.conf 
    server   {
        listen       80;
        server_name  blog.oldboy.com;
        access_log  /var/log/nginx/access_blog.log  main;
        root   /app/blog;
        location / {
        index index.php index.html index.htm;
        }
    }
    

    检查语法,并都平滑重启服务

    [root@web01 /etc/nginx/conf.d]# nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@web01 /etc/nginx/conf.d]# systemctl reload nginx 
    

    2.2 在web01和web02创建新的站点目录和index.html文件

    [root@web01 ~]# mkdir -p /app/{www,blog}
    [root@web01 ~]# for n  in  www blog  ; do echo  `hostname` $n.oldboy.com >/app/$n/index.html ;done
    [root@web01 ~]# tree /app/
    /app/
    ├── blog
    │   └── index.html
    └── www
        └── index.html
    
    2 directories, 2 files
    [root@web01 ~]# 
    

    2.3 检查web01和web02的配置是否正常

    [root@web01 ~]# curl -H Host:www.oldboy.com 10.0.0.[7-8]
    
    [1/2]: 10.0.0.7 --> <stdout>
    --_curl_--10.0.0.7
    web01 www.oldboy.com
    
    [2/2]: 10.0.0.8 --> <stdout>
    --_curl_--10.0.0.8
    web02 www.oldboy.com
    [root@web01 ~]# curl -H Host:blog.oldboy.com 10.0.0.[7-8]
    
    [1/2]: 10.0.0.7 --> <stdout>
    --_curl_--10.0.0.7
    web01 blog.oldboy.com
    
    [2/2]: 10.0.0.8 --> <stdout>
    --_curl_--10.0.0.8
    web02 blog.oldboy.com
    

    2.4 在lb02进行反向代理配置

    ngx_http_upstream_module----负载均衡
    ngx_http_proxy_module-----反向代理


    1>在nginx服务进行以下配置

    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# cat nginx.conf 
    ……               
     #   include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    
        upstream web_pools{
            server 10.0.0.7:80;
            server 10.0.0.8:80;
        }
        server{ 
            listen 80;
            server_name www.oldboy.com;
            location / {
                proxy_pass http://web_pools;
            }
        }
     server{
            listen 80;
            server_name blog.oldboy.com;
            location / {
                proxy_pass http://web_pools;
            }   
        }   
    

    2>检查语法,平滑重启服务

    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# systemctl reload nginx
    

    3>在命令行用curl进行测试

    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# curl 10.0.0.6
    web02 www.oldboy.com
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# curl 10.0.0.6
    web01 www.oldboy.com
    

    4>抓包测试

    首先在Windows本地hosts文件中配置解析



    抓包


    三、负载均衡相关配置详解

    3.1 upstream模块内部server标签参数说明

    server :ip或域名,如果端口不写,默认时80端口
    weight:权重
    max_fails :失败次数
    fail_timeout :多久后在检查一遍
    backup :如果加上backup 会在池塘中其他机器都挂掉 才会启动


    1>weight权重测试

    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# cat nginx.conf 
    ……
        upstream web_pools{
            server 10.0.0.7:80 weight=2;
            server 10.0.0.8:80 weight=1;
        }
    ……
    
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# systemctl reload nginx
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# curl 10.0.0.6
    web01 www.oldboy.com
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# curl 10.0.0.6
    web01 www.oldboy.com
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# curl 10.0.0.6
    web02 www.oldboy.com
    

    2>fail_timeout(多久后在检查一遍)测试

    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# cat nginx.conf 
    ……
        upstream web_pools{
            server 10.0.0.7:80 weight=1 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=4s;
            server 10.0.0.8:80 weight=1 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=4s;
        }
     ……
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# systemctl reload nginx
    

    for n in {1..1000};do curl 10.0.0.5/index.html ;sleep 1;done


    3.2 用域名访问

    3.3 多个域名访问/虚拟主机

    多个虚拟主机的通过负载均衡

    如:请求访问blog.oldboy.com,但一直显示www的内容

    原因:
    负载均衡向web服务器发出请求的时候,请求Host 域名时池塘名字(web_pools),web_pools IP地址,所以默认匹配第1个虚拟主机

    解决:
    用proxy_set_header修改请求头的内容,如:proxy_set_header Host $host;

    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# cat nginx.conf 
    ……
        upstream web_pools{
            server 10.0.0.7:80 weight=1 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=4s;
            server 10.0.0.8:80 weight=1 max_fails=1 fail_timeout=4s;
        }
        server{ 
            listen 80;
            server_name www.oldboy.com;
            location / {
                proxy_pass http://web_pools;
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
            }
        }
        server{
            listen 80;
            server_name blog.oldboy.com;
            location / {
                proxy_pass http://web_pools;
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
            }
        }
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# systemctl reload nginx
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# 
    

    3.4 web服务器上面访问日志 记录用户IP

    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;

    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# cat nginx.conf 
    ……
        server{ 
            listen 80;
            server_name www.oldboy.com;
            location / {
                proxy_pass http://web_pools;
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
            }
        }
        server{
            listen 80;
            server_name blog.oldboy.com;
            location / {
                proxy_pass http://web_pools;
                proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
            }
        }
    ……
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# 
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# nginx -t
    nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
    nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
    [root@lb02 /etc/nginx]# systemctl reload nginx
    

    四、添加访问控制

    如果某些网段访问量成千上万,特别高的话,可能是被入侵了
    需要给这个网址做限制访问

    server {
    listen 80;
    server_name www.oldboy.com;
    location / {
       if ($remote_addr ~ "^192.168.22.") {   \\指定禁止访问的网段
       return 403 "biedaoluan";  \\定义的是指定网段中,客户访问后返回的内容
       }
       proxy_pass http://web_pools;
       proxy_set_header Host $host;
       proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
    }
    

    五、iptables命令的详解

    详细介绍:http://man.linuxde.net/iptables

    iptables命令是Linux上常用的防火墙软件,是netfilter项目的一部分。可以直接配置,也可以通过许多前端和图形界面配置。

    语法:iptables(选项)(参数)

    如:iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -s 192.168.22.0/24 -j DROP
    -A:向规则链中添加条目;
    -P:定义规则链中的默认目标;
    -s:指定要匹配的数据包源
    -j<目标>:指定要跳转的目标;
    INPUT链:处理输入数据包。
    DROP:丢弃数据包

    5.1 清除已有iptables规则

    iptables -F
    iptables -X
    iptables -Z

    5.2 开放指定的端口

    iptables -A INPUT -s 127.0.0.1 -d 127.0.0.1 -j ACCEPT #允许本地回环接口(即运行本机访问本机)
    iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT #允许已建立的或相关连的通行
    iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT #允许所有本机向外的访问
    iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT #允许访问22端口
    iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT #允许访问80端口
    iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT #允许ftp服务的21端口
    iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 20 -j ACCEPT #允许FTP服务的20端口
    iptables -A INPUT -j reject #禁止其他未允许的规则访问
    iptables -A FORWARD -j REJECT #禁止其他未允许的规则访问

    5.3 屏蔽IP

    iptables -I INPUT -s 123.45.6.7 -j DROP #屏蔽单个IP的命令
    iptables -I INPUT -s 123.0.0.0/8 -j DROP #封整个段即从123.0.0.1到123.255.255.254的命令
    iptables -I INPUT -s 124.45.0.0/16 -j DROP #封IP段即从123.45.0.1到123.45.255.254的命令
    iptables -I INPUT -s 123.45.6.0/24 -j DROP #封IP段即从123.45.6.1到123.45.6.254的命令是

    5.4 查看已添加的iptables规则

    iptables -L -n -v
    Chain INPUT (policy DROP 48106 packets, 2690K bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
     5075  589K ACCEPT     all  --  lo     *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           
     191K   90M ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:22
    1499K  133M ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:80
    4364K 6351M ACCEPT     all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           state RELATED,ESTABLISHED
     6256  327K ACCEPT     icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           
    
    Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
    
    Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 3382K packets, 1819M bytes)
     pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
     5075  589K ACCEPT     all  --  *      lo      0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0  
    

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