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Python学习打call第四十八天:SQLALchemy操作M

Python学习打call第四十八天:SQLALchemy操作M

作者: 暖A暖 | 来源:发表于2019-03-30 19:00 被阅读12次

1.SQLALchemy使用

  • 安装
pip install sqlalchemy;
  • SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款开源软件,是PythonSQL工具包和对象关系映射器,它为应用程序开发人员提供了SQL的全部功能和灵活性

2.什么是ORM

  • ORM(Object Relational Mapper)就是把数据库表的行与相应的对象建立关联,互相转换;

  • 目前,最知名的Python ORM是SQLAlchemy和SQLobject;

3.数据库操作

  • 创建表使用create_all()方法,删除表使用drop_all()方法,我们一起来看一下如何创建和删除表
# 导入引擎模块
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
# 导入基类模块
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
# 导入字段类
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
# 导入会话模块
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

# 实体类的基类
Base = declarative_base()

# 实体类
class Teacher(Base):
    '''
    实体类的创建有两个方面的用处:
    1:如果数据库中没有表,那么可以使用实体类创建
    2:如果数据库中有表,实体类可以映射表的结构,对表的CRUD操作
    '''
    # 表名必须指定
    __tablename__ = 'teacher'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    name = Column(String(255))
    age = Column(Integer)
    # 打印实例的使用可以发现,数据也是保存在实体类实例的__dict__中
    def __repr__(self):
        # print(self.__dict__)
        return "id='%s', name='%s', age='%s" % (self.id, self.name, self.age)
    __str__ = __repr__

# 创建连接引擎
host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
connect_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(connect_str, echo=True)

# 创建表
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

# 删除表
# Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)

我们现在命令工具中查看一下数据库中有没有我们想要的teacher表,上一篇文章中讲过,先登录mysql:mysql -uzengzeng -p123456,然后进入我们要使用的数据库:use XKD_Python_Course,我们先通过:show tables;查看一下数据库中的表,发现没有teacher表
那现在就可以执行代码,创建数据库了,创建好后我们可以在命令行查看一下:show tables;,发现teacher表已经存在了,创建表成功yes!

查看表

想要删除刚刚创建的表,可以使用drop_all()方法,执行代码,再查看数据库表,就可以看teacher表已经被删除了

Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
  • 插入数据使用session.add_all()方法;
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

Base = declarative_base()
class Teacher(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'teacher'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    name = Column(String(255))
    age = Column(Integer)
    def __repr__(self):
        # print(self.__dict__)
        return "id='%s', name='%s', age='%s" % (self.id, self.name, self.age)
    __str__ = __repr__

host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
connect_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(connect_str, echo=True)

# 创建会话,用于提交数据
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

# 创建多行行实例,给表添加数据
try:
    lst = []
    for i in range(10):
        teacher = Teacher()
        teacher.name = 'zengzeng' + str(i)
        teacher.age = 20 + i
        lst.append(teacher)
        print(teacher)

    # session.add(student) 可以添加一行记录,也可以添加多行记录
    # 注意:这里将行记录实例添加到session,不会提交,需要手动提交
    session.add_all(lst)

except Exception as e:
    print('~~~~~~~~~~~'*200)
    session.rollback()
    print(e)
finally:
    session.commit()

我们执行代码,然后去命令工具查看一下表是否插入数据:select * from teacher;

插入数据
  • 查询操作使用session.query()方法,迭代查询;
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

Base = declarative_base()
class Teacher(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'teacher'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    name = Column(String(255))
    age = Column(Integer)
    def __repr__(self):
        # print(self.__dict__)
        return "id='%s', name='%s', age='%s" % (self.id, self.name, self.age)
    __str__ = __repr__

host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
conn_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(conn_str, echo=False)

Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

teacher_obj = session.query(Teacher)
for teacher in  teacher_obj:
    print(teacher) # 返回结果:{'_sa_instance_state': <sqlalchemy.orm.state.InstanceState object at 0x1063125f8>, 'age': 20, 'name': 'nihao0', 'id': 1}
print('*'*300)

# 直接返回实例对象
teacher = session.query(Teacher).get(4)
print(teacher) # 返回结果:{'_sa_instance_state': <sqlalchemy.orm.state.InstanceState object at 0x1075fd400>, 'age': 23, 'name': 'nihao3', 'id': 4}
print(teacher.id)  # 返回 aobama
print(teacher.name)
print(teacher.age)
print('*'*300)

# 返回的是可迭代对象
teacher_results = session.query(Teacher).filter(Teacher.id == 5)
for teacher in teacher_results:  # 拿到student实例对象
    print(teacher)  
  • 修改操作:session.update()
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

Base = declarative_base()

class Teacher(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'teacher'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    name = Column(String(255))
    age = Column(Integer)
    def __repr__(self):
        # print(self.__dict__)
        return "id='%s', name='%s', age='%s" % (self.id, self.name, self.age)
    __str__ = __repr__

# 创建连接引擎
host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
conn_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(conn_str, echo=False)

# 创建会话,用于提交数据
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

teacher = session.query(Teacher).get(4)
teacher.name = 'Robby'
teacher.age = '99'
session.commit()

where条件查询

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, DATE, Enum, ForeignKey
import enum
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
class My_Enum(enum.Enum):
    M = 'M'
    F = 'F'


# 实体类
class Emploee(Base):
    '''
    +------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field      | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | emp_no     | int(11)       | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | birth_date | date          | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    | first_name | varchar(14)   | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    | last_name  | varchar(16)   | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    | gender     | enum('M','F') | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    | hire_date  | date          | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    '''
    __tablename__ = 'employees'
    emp_no = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, nullable=False)
    birth_date = Column(DATE, nullable=False)
    first_name = Column(String(14), nullable=False)
    last_name = Column(String(16),nullable=False)
    gender = Column(Enum(My_Enum), nullable=False)
    hire_date = Column(DATE, nullable=False)
    def __repr__(self):
        return "emp_no='%s', birth_date='%s', first_name='%s', last_name='%s', gender='%s', hire_date='%s'" % (self.emp_no, self.birth_date, self.first_name, self.last_name, self.gender, self.hire_date)
    __str__ = __repr__

# 创建连接引擎
host = 'localhost'
port = 3306
username = 'zengzeng'
password = '123456'
db = 'XKD_Python_Course'
conn_str = 'mysql+mysqldb://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}'.format(username, password, host, port,db)
engine = create_engine(conn_str, echo=False)

# 创建表
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)

# 创建会话,用于提交数据
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()


# # 简单的where条件查询过滤, 返回可迭代对象, AND 取与
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.emp_no < 10010).filter(Emploee.gender == 'M')
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter((Emploee.emp_no > 10010) & (Emploee.gender == 'F'))

# OR 取并
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter((Emploee.emp_no > 10010) | (Emploee.gender == 'F'))

# NOT 取反
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(~(Emploee.emp_no > 10010))

# in
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.emp_no.in_([10010, 10011, 10012]))

# not in
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(~Emploee.emp_no.in_([10010, 10011, 10012]))

# like ,like可以忽略大小写进行模式匹配
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.last_name.like('B%'))

for emploee in emploees:
    print(emploee)

order排序

  • asc():升序;
例如:
emploees = session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.last_name.like('B%')).order_by(Emploee.emp_no.asc())

  • desc():降序;
例如:
emploees=session.query(Emploee).filter(Emploee.last_name.like('B%')).order_by(Emploee.emp_no.desc())
  • 多字段排序:在语句里面进行多次排序;

聚合与分组

  • list():转化为列表;

  • count():聚合count(*)查询;

  • all(): 转化为列表;

  • limit().one():查询首行;

emploees = session.query(Emploee)
print(list(emploees))         # 转化为列表
print(emploees.count())     # 聚合count(*)查询
print(emploees.all())        # 转化为列表
print(emploees.limit(1).one())    # 查询首行
  • max():返回最大值;

  • min():返回最小值;

  • avg():返回平均值;

emploees = session.query(func.max(Emploee.emp_no))
emploees = session.query(func.min(Emploee.emp_no))
emploees = session.query(func.avg(Emploee.emp_no))
  • group_by():分组查询;
emploees = session.query(func.count(Emploee.emp_no)).group_by(Emploee.gender)
print(emploees)
for emploee in emploees:
    print(emploee)

参考:https://www.9xkd.com/user/plan-view.html?id=2415909403

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