上海合作组织简介
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
上海合作组织是由哈萨克斯坦共和国、中华人民共和国、吉尔吉斯共和国、俄罗斯联邦、塔吉克斯坦共和国、乌兹别克斯坦共和国于2001年6月15日在中国上海宣布成立的永久性政府间国际组织。它的前身是"上海五国"机制。
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a permanent intergovernmental international organisation, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai (China) by the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was preceded by the Shanghai Five mechanism.
2002年，在上合组织圣彼得堡峰会上签订了《上海合作组织宪章》，文件于2003年9月19日生效。这是一份章程文件，规定了组织的宗旨与原则、组织架构、主要活动方向。
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Charter was signed during the St.Petersburg SCO Heads of State meeting in June 2002, and entered into force on 19 September 2003. This is the fundamental statutory document which outlines the organisation's goals and principles, as well as its structure and core activities.
2017年6月8日至9日，上合组织元首理事会阿斯塔纳会议作出历史性决定，给予印度共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国成员国地位。
The historical meeting of the Heads of State Council of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation was held on 8-9 June 2017 in Astana. On the meeting the status of a full member of the Organization was granted to the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
上海合作组织的宗旨是：加强各成员国之间的相互信任与睦邻友好；鼓励成员国在政治、经贸、科技、文化、教育、能源、交通、旅游、环保及其它领域的有效合作；共同致力于维护和保障地区的和平、安全与稳定；推动建立民主、公正、合理的国际政治经济新秩序。
The SCO's main goals are as follows: strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among the member states; promoting their effective cooperation in politics, trade, the economy, research, technology and culture, as well as in education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection, and other areas; making joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security and stability in the region; and moving towards the establishment of a democratic, fair and rational new international political and economic order.
上海合作组织对内遵循"互信、互利、平等、协商，尊重多样文明、谋求共同发展"的"上海精神"，对外奉行不结盟、不针对其它国家和地区及开放原则。
Proceeding from the Shanghai Spirit, the SCO pursues its internal policy based on the principles of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, mutual consultations, respect for cultural diversity, and a desire for common development, while its external policy is conducted in accordance with the principles of non-alignment, non-targeting any third country, and openness.
上合组织最高决策机构是成员国元首理事会，该会议每年举行一次，决定本组织所有重要问题。政府首脑（总理）理事会每年举行一次，讨论本组织框架下多边合作和优先领域的战略，决定经济及其他领域的原则性和重要问题，通过组织预算。上合组织工作语言为汉语和俄语。
The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the supreme decision-making body in the SCO. It meets once a year and adopts decisions and guidelines on all important matters of the organisation. The SCO Heads of Government Council (HGC) meets once a year to discuss the organisation's multilateral cooperation strategy and priority areas, to resolve current important economic and other cooperation issues, and also to approve the organisation's annual budget. The SCO's official languages are Russian and Chinese.
除元首理事会会议和政府首脑理事会会议外，运行的机制还有议会领导人会议、安全会议秘书会议、外长会议、国防部长会议、紧急救灾部门领导人会议、经贸部长会议、交通部长会议、文化部长会议、教育部长会议、卫生部长会议、执法部门领导人会议、最高法院院长会议、总检察长会议等。上合组织成员国国家协调员理事会是上合组织框架下的协调机制。
In addition to HSC and HGC meetings, there is also a mechanism of meetings at the level of heads of parliament; secretaries of Security Councils; ministers of foreign affairs, defence, emergency relief, economy, transport, culture, education, and healthcare; heads of law enforcement agencies and supreme and arbitration courts; and prosecutors general. The Council of National Coordinators of SCO Member States (CNC) acts as the SCO coordination mechanism.
本组织有两个常设机构，分别是设在北京的上合组织秘书处和设在塔什干的上合组织地区反恐怖机构执行委员会。上合组织秘书长和地区反恐怖机构执行主任由国家元首理事会任命，任期三年。2016年1月1日起，上述职位分别由阿利莫夫（塔吉克斯坦籍）和西索耶夫（俄罗斯籍）担任。
The organisation has two permanent bodies — the SCO Secretariat based in Beijing and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in Tashkent. The SCO Secretary-General and the Director of the Executive Committee of the SCO RATS are appointed by the Council of Heads of State for a term of three years. Rashid Alimov (Tajikistan) and Yevgeny Sysoyev (Russia) have held these positions, respectively, since 1 January 2016.
目前上合组织国家包括：
Thus, currently:
八个成员国：印度共和国、哈萨克斯坦共和国、中华人民共和国、吉尔吉斯共和国、巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国、俄罗斯联邦、塔吉克斯坦共和国、乌兹别克斯坦共和国；
• the SCO comprises eight member states, namely the Republic of India, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and the Republic of Uzbekistan;
四个观察员国：阿富汗伊斯兰共和国、白俄罗斯共和国、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、蒙古国；
• the SCO counts four observer states, namely the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the Republic of Belarus, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Mongolia;
六个对话伙伴：阿塞拜疆共和国、亚美尼亚共和国、柬埔寨王国、尼泊尔联邦民主共和国、土耳其共和国和斯里兰卡民主社会主义共和国。
• the SCO has six dialogue partners, namely the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, the Republic of Turkey, and the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.
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