1. 可以在写文章最开始写个摘要初稿
2. 用一些问题去组织摘要
• Why did I carry out this project? Why am I writing this paper? What gap in the current knowledge do you hope to fill?
• What did I do, and how? What is the innovative contribution of your work? What did you do and achieve? What makes it different from previous research?
• What were my results? Validity of the model. Does it really do what you say it does?
• What was new compared to previous research?
• What are the implications of my findings? What are my conclusions and /or recommendations? What do you plan to do next?
3. 综述摘要
once again your structure is: aim, methodology (selection process), results, conclusions, and implication
4. 摘要中用什么时态
摘要中最常用的时态是一般现在时(we show)和一般过去时(we show)。
1) 一篇文章中，作者用一般现在时来：
• describe the common opinion that he is trying to question ( • the phenomenon is essentially random)
• refer to what he did during his experiments ( • We show that toast does indeed have an inherent tendency)
• give his conclusions - not shown here - ( • Murphy’s Law appears to be an ineluctable feature of our universe)
这是为了让他的研究更可信，他的研究对现在仍是有用的。但是在正文结果描述中用的是过去式。
2) 一篇文章中，作者用一般现在时来：
• talk about a well-known situation ( • people tend to hold overly favorable views)
• explain their opinion on this well-known situation ( • the authors suggest that … )
他们用过去式来展示他们做了什么，得到了什么结果。这是摘要中最为标准的时态用法
3）可以现在完成时和现在完成进行时来表示一件事情从过去到现在一直在进行，而且还将持续。这尤其用在背景当中
In the last few years there has been considerable interest in …
Since 2010 attention has focused on …
To date , there has not been an adequate analytical model …
有些作者也用现在完成时(主动语态或被动语态)来描述他们在研究过程中所取得的成就。
We have found / devised / developed a new approach to X. We have demonstrated / proved/ validated the effectiveness of this approach by …
A new approach to X has been devised. The effectiveness of the approach has been demonstrated …
5. 摘要中避免提到什么
You should try to avoid:
• background information that is too generalist for your readers
• claims that are not supported in the paper
• terms that are too technical or too generic - this will depend on your audience
• definitions of key terms
• mathematical equations
• generic quantifications (e.g. • many, several, few, a wide variety) and the over use or unjustified use of subjective adjectives (e.g. innovative, interesting, fundamental ).
• unnecessary details that would be better located in your Introduction, such as the name of your institute, place names that readers will not have heard of
• references to other papers. However, if your whole paper is based on an extending or refuting a finding given by one specific author, then you will need to mention this author’s name.
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