泛型(Generics)
1、泛型可以将类型参数化,提高代码复用率,减少代码量
func swapValue<T>(_ a: inout T, _ b: inout T) -> Void {
(a, b) = (b, a)
}
var fn: (inout Int, inout Int) -> () = swapValue
栈
class Stack<E> {
var elements = [E]()
func push(_ element: E) -> Void {
elements.append(element)
}
func pop() -> E {
elements.removeLast()
}
func top() -> E {
elements.last!
}
func size() -> Int {
elements.count
}
}
var intStack = Stack<Int>()
var stringStack = Stack<String>()
var anyStack = Stack<Any>()
class SubStack<E>: Stack<E> {
}
struct Stack<E> {
var elements = [E]()
mutating func push(_ element: E) {
elements.append(element)
}
mutating func pop() -> E {
elements.removeLast()
}
func top() -> E {
elements.last!
}
func size() -> Int {
elements.count
}
}
汇编分析泛型的实现原理
通过汇编我们可以看到两次调用的swapValues方法的地址是相同的,也就是说是相同的方法,汇编中有关于metadata的信息,所以推测Swift中的泛型是通过对元数据的处理实现的。
关联类型(Associated Type)
1、关联类型的作用:给协议中用到的类型定义一个占位名称
2、协议中可以拥有多个关联类型
protocol Stackable {
associatedtype Element
mutating func push(_ element: Element)
mutating func pop() -> Element
func top() -> Element
func size() -> Int
}
class StringStack: Stackable {
// typealias Element = String 可写可不写
var elements = [String]()
func push(_ element: String) -> Void {
elements.append(element)
}
func pop() -> String {
elements.removeLast()
}
func top() -> String {
elements.last!
}
func size() -> Int {
elements.count
}
}
类型约束
protocol Runnable {}
class Person {}
func swapValues<T: Person & Runnable>(_ a: inout T, _ b: inout T) -> Void {
(a, b) = (b, a)
}
更多的约束
func equal<S1: Stackable, S2: Stackable>(_ s1: S1, _ s2: S2) -> Bool
where S1.Element == S2.Element, S1.Element: Hashable
{
return false
}
协议类型的注意点
protocol Runnable {}
class Person: Runnable {}
class Car: Runnable {}
func getObject(_ type: Int) -> Runnable {
if type == 0 {
return Person()
}
return Car()
}
var r1 = getObject(0)
var r2 = getObject(1)
1、如果协议中有associatedtype,那么会有类型识别不了的问题,以下代码会报错
protocol Runnable {
associatedtype Speed
var speed: Speed {
get
}
}
class Person: Runnable {
var speed: Double {
0.0
}
}
class Car: Runnable {
var speed: Int {
0
}
}
func getObject(_ type: Int) -> Runnable {
if type == 0 {
return Person()
}
return Car()
}
泛型解决
解决方案1:使用泛型
protocol Runnable {
associatedtype Speed
var speed: Speed {
get
}
}
class Person: Runnable {
var speed: Double {
0.0
}
}
class Car: Runnable {
var speed: Int {
0
}
}
func getObject<T: Runnable>(_ type: Int) -> T {
if type == 0 {
return Person() as! T
}
return Car() as! T
}
var r1: Person = getObject(0)
var r2: Car = getObject(1)
不透明类型(Opaque Type)
1、解决方案2:使用some关键字声明一个不透明类型
func getObject(_ type: Int) -> some Runnable {
return Car()
}
2、some限制只能返回一种类型
some
1、some除了用在返回值类型上,一般还可以用在属性类型上
protocol Runnable {
associatedtype Speed
}
class Dog: Runnable {
typealias Speed = Double
}
class Person {
var pet: some Runnable {
return Dog()
}
}
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