Date: 2018.1.13

独立写作

1. 一边倒

题型分类：利弊类、事实类

2. 一边倒+让步

(1) 什么叫让步？concede

(2) 为什么要写让步？

a. 有些话题分论点不太好想

例：School and teachers should be responsible for low test scores.

多要素讨论：学习时间长短、学生智商、学习习惯的养成→学校不应该担责以上三个要素

可以按以上方法写，但比较困难

b. 让论证显得尽量公正客观

c. 但是托福评分标准中没有强制让步

(3) 怎么让步？

Step 1 提出让步观点

短语：Admittedly,...; Granted,...;

句型：

There is no denying / doubt that...

Some people might argue that...

It is true / undoubted that...

I must confess that...

Step 2 适度展开原因

, for + 句子

Step 3 削弱让步内容

A-我也有不足，但是我能解决A-

B+你也有优点，但是B+存在问题

B+你也有优点，但是B+我通过...也能获得

攻击缺点模板句型 (B+)

However, we should view it differently.

Nonetheless, we should look at it from a different angle.

Nevertheless, we should examine it from another perspective.

替代方案模板句型 (B+)

However, we are presented with a better choice.

Nonetheless, there is a good alternative to xxx...

Nevertheless, we can also xxx by doing xxx...

Step 4 回归中心论点

Therefore, I still hold the opinion that...

Hence,...

(4) 几类建议写让步段的写作题目

a. 绝对话题类 (best / only / must)

b. 附加条件话题

c. 特殊对比类话题

d. 三选一类话题

3. 中立

不偏不倚，都很好；分情况讨论

模板：

This cannot be treated as a yes-or-no question. I shall look at / examine it under different circumstances.

I cannot simply give my assent or dismissal to this question. My choice may vary in different situations.

Regarding this question, any voice that supports or opposes this view would be overgeneralized / oversimplified.

With regard to this question, any opinion that supports or opposes this view reveals a lack of discretion. In fact, either option has some merits that cannot be obtained from the other under certain given premises. 

开头结尾

Thesis: broad enough to cover; short enough to impress

Body: structured; reason & examples

Conclusion: conclude

开头

背景（引言 / 现象 / 数据） +中心论点

注意事项：

a. 不要用yes, I agree等简短评论开头

b. 确保和下段首句衔接自然

开头段基础写法

1. 背景句

1.1 It is 句型 表现象或观点广泛存在

It is...(said / argued / reported / widely believed / commonly accepted / universally acknowledged / often pointed out) that...

1.2 There be 句型 表现象或趋势

(1) There is a general (widespread / public / lively) debate about sth / whether...

(2) Now there is a widespread concern over...

(3) There is a growing tendency to do / towards...

     There has been a trend towards...

(4) There is no denying (the fact) that... / 

     There is no doubt that...

1.3 with / as 句型 表随着...的发展

(1) With the growth of population,...

(2) With the rapid development of modern transportation and communication, science and technology highly developed,...

(3) As the society becomes increasingly advanced and complicated,...

1.4 表示毋庸置疑的句型总结

(1) No one can deny / ignore the fact that...

     Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that...

(2) It is beyond doubt that...

     It is undeniable / indisputable that...

     It goes without saying that...

2. 主题句

2.1 表认为

(1) I suppose / insist / maintain / contend that...

(2) From my perspective,...

(3) From my personal angle alone,...

(4) I hold the belief that...

(5) I harbor the idea that...

(6) I take the attitude that...

(7) It is evident / obvious to me that...

2.2 表赞同/偏向

(1) I am in favor of the idea of V-ing / the idea that...

(2) I go along with the idea / opinion that...

(3) Between A and B, my preference is that...

(4) As for me, I prefer A to B...

(5) I prefer to do... rather than do...

2.3 表反对

(1) I am no in favor of the idea that...

(2) I object to the notification that...

(3) I am against the idea / notion / opinion that...

(4) I am opposed to the notion / idea that...

2.4 表观点的词

idea / opinion / belief / concept / notion / view / viewpoint / point of view

开头段进阶写法

首段内容建议：

a. 让读者了解话题 （e.g. 对题目进行改述）

b. 提供有用且有趣的背景信息

c. 清晰的陈述或者“暗示” 自己的观点

1. 改述

同义词替换 ；同根词替换；同义短语替换；全新表达方法替换；

2. 趣味

打造有趣句子：

a. 开门见山陈述观点（中心句）

b. 为一个术语或问题下定义

c. 陈述一件惊奇的事

d. 强调一个需要解决的问题

e. 讲述一个解说性的轶事

f. 描述一个相关的趋势

g. 提出一个核心问题

2.1 引用名人名言/诗词歌赋/书籍电影

(1) Many people believe in an old saying: "Content is happiness".

(2) There is an old saying / a widespread proverb...

(3) As the old saying puts it / goes...

     As the proverb goes / says... 

     As sb. once said / put it...

     As a great man once suggested / indicated / remarked...

引言+衔接+主题句

衔接部分：同意则省略或对名言细化；不同意则在名言和观点间找不同；

2.2 故事开头（原创、名人轶事和寓言童话）

2.3 情景描述开头

2.4 设问

2.5 下定义

结尾段

1. 总结观点

常用句式：

(1) Taking sth. into account ( Taking into consideration / Judging from what is discussed above)

(2) We can come to / arrive at / reach the conclusion / draw the conclusion that...

替换词：

To recap （扼要重述）/ In summary / To sum up / In conclusion

2. 提出建议（适合问题类题目）

(1) Not only should..., but also...

(2) The problem will finally be solved if...

(3) The problem will never be solved if... do not...

(4) I suggest that...

(5) It is high time that...

3. 展望未来

Only in this way can + 正常语序的句子

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Date: 2017.12.31

综合写作

1. 类型：

反驳型/加强型

2. 做题步骤

(1) 读短文：熟悉背景，明确观点，找到分论点

(2) 听讲座：明确观点，记录分论点和支撑细节

(3) 看笔记：整理讲座笔记的要点

(4) 写作文：概括教授立场，列出分论点，细节，点明和阅读的关系

3. 评分标准

4分：语言有少数的明显错误，不影响理解

3分：听力中遗漏了一点，语言含混不清

记笔记时尽量竖着记，将纸对折，左边阅读内容，右边听力内容，听力内容要多记。

4. 阅读

(1) 找到讨论对象，明确立场

A. 讨论对象的特征

a. 多次提到

b. 位置上比较靠前

c. 后文往往会有解释（同义词、上义词、定义）

B. 立场的分类

a. 现象解释

b. 问题解决

c. 观点证明

C. 提取重点

a. 理解而非翻译

b. 注意详略

D. 划成分的步骤

a. 找主语（即独立出现第一个核心名词）

b. 找谓语（修饰成分括起来）

c. 梳理主干余下成分（宾语、补语）

d. 遇到连词，读连词后的内容分析其并列成分

e. 遇到状语，插入语影响直观理解的，一并括起来

(2) 找到三个分论点

A. 分论点的特点

a. 往往出现在各段段首

b. 包括因果逻辑的地方尤其重视

c. 尽可能找到论证的逻辑重点C

B. 提前预测

a. 论据本身正确与否？

b. 论证关系是否成立？

c. 是否存在其他因素？

5. 听力

(1) 整理要点

A. 明确支持还是反对

B. 找到三个分论点

C. 尽可能的记录更多细节

(2) 注意事项

A. 注意结构和表述顺序

B. 特别关注分论点里展开的例子

C. 善用缩写和符号，及时完善

(3) 笔记技巧

A. 列顺序：1、2、3、

B. 作比较：

"=" the same, equal

"≠" does not equal, not the same

"&" and

">" be more than

"<" be less than

"→" leading to

C. 逻辑关系：

"∵" because

"∴" so, therefore, hence

"∧" but. however

"∨" although, even if

"↑" to increase

"↓" to decrease

"/" per

D. 时间：

年 y

月 m

周 w

天 d

小时 h

分钟 m

秒 s

E. 其他：

"%" percent

"e.g." for example

"+" positive, good

"-" negative, bad

"¥" price

"$" expensive

"√" right, true

"×" wrong, false

"A→B" 时间由A到B，位移上由A到B，原因到结果

(4) 九大要点词

A. 结构信号词

分论点：firstly, secondly, thirdly, to take another point

B. 逻辑词

a. 因果：because, since, as, due to, therefore, to sum up, as a result

b. 转折：but, however, on the contrary, rather than, instead

C. 重复词

a. 同义词

b. 同根词

c. 反义词

D. 解释词

a. 下定义：that is to say...; is defined as...; ...that/which means/explains/indicates;

b. 解释：let me explain...

E. 被强调的语意

a. 比较级：more, much more, as...as.

b. 最高级：the most, the best

c. 语气词：well, um, you know...

F. 并列词

and, as well as, together with, not only... but also..., plus

G. 表倾向性、否定和变化的词

a. 倾向性：agree, disagree, support

b. 否定词：no, not, never, neither, nor, fall to, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, little, few

c. 变化：前进、后退、上升、下降、离开、到来...

H. 问题和答案

I. 重要例子

And some interesting things were found... like about eating habits

for example / as an example / for instance 举例

to give a specific example 举具体的例子

A is an example of B  A是B的一个例子

the first reason for this is that 首要原因是

6. 写作文

(1) 注意事项

A. 4段论：开头（1-2句）+3个中间段（3-4段）

B. 听力为主，阅读为辅（2:1）（听力内容涨分比较快）

C. 语法正确的前提之下尽可能的多写

D. 多做同义写作，阅读材料必须改写

E. 不要发表自己的观点

F. 基本时态为一般现在时

(2) 做同义改写

A. 主动变被动

B. 同根词 （e.g. applicant v. apply for）

C. 非谓语&复合词

(3) 功能词

A. 指代人（材料）

L: the speaker / lecturer / professor / listening material / lecture

R: the writer / author / reading material / writing / passage

B. 转述观点信息

The professor makes the point that / points out / says / tells

C. 转述解释信息

The professor explains / exemplifies / illustrates / illustrates the idea that...

D. 表示反驳关系

The lecture contradicts / disapproves / refutes / opposes the idea that...

...is exactly the opposite of, make...seem incorrect / dubious / doubtful, prove that... is specious, put... in doubt

E. 表示话题处理

deal with.., analyze, examine, explore, is concerned with, is about, focus on, concentrate on, investigate

(4) 综合写作模板（先写阅读）

第一段：The article lists three reasons to explain why... while the lecturer refutes each of these suggestions

第二段：First, the reading claims that...

              However, the professor points out...

第三段：Second, the article suggests that...

              Again, he / she disagrees by stating that... 

第四段：Third, the article proposes that...

               On the contrary, he / she argues that...

(5) 综合写作模板（先写听力）

第一段：The speaker discusses why + 听力中心论点

第二段：First, 听力TS1 + 听力细节

              This completely challenges the saying in the reading that + 文章TS1

第三段：Second, 听力TS2 + 听力细节

               Again, this directly rebuts the point in the reading that + 文章TS2

第四段：Third, 听力TS3 + 听力细节

               On the contrary, the article suggests that + 文章TS3