泛型发展
- 泛型程序最早出现在1970年的CLU和Ada语言中，后来被 许多基于对象和面向对象的语言采用，包括C++、Java、VB等。
- 1971年，Dave Musser首先提出闭关推广了泛型编程理论，但是局限于软件开发和计算机代数领域。1979年，Alexander Stepanov开始研究泛型编程，并提出STL体系结构。
- 1993年，Stepanov受邀在ANSI/ISO C++标准委员会的会议上介绍了泛型编程理论及其相关工作。1994年3月，Stepanov和Meng Lee提出STL草案，1994年7月ANSI/ISO C++标准委员会通过了修改后的STL草案。
- C++泛型典型应用：STL和Boost.
定义泛型函数
func sawpTwoValues<T>(_ a: inout T, _ b: inout T) {
let temp = a
a = b
b = temp
}
定义泛型类型
struct Stack<Element> {
var items = [Element]()
mutating func push(element: Element){
items.append(element)
}
mutating func pop() -> Element {
return items.removeLast()
}
}
扩展时不需要提供形式参数列表：
extension Stack {
var top : Element? {
return items.last
}
}
泛型类型约束
为什么需要类型约束
上述函数和stack可以适用于任意类型，但是于是需要添加强制的类型约束。类型约束指的是一个类型形式参数必须继承自特定类，或者遵循特定协议、组合协议。比如swift中的字典，声明如下：
struct Dictionary<Key, Value> where Key : Hashable
就在键的类型上添加了约束，必须可以哈希，即必须提供一种使其可以唯一表示的方法。如果键值不可哈希，我们在插入删除以及更新值的时候回发生混乱。
类型约束语法：
func findIndex<T: Equatable>(of valueToFind: T, in array: [T]) -> Int? {
for (index, value) in array.enumerated() {
//因为用到==，所以类型必须遵循Equatable协议。
if value == valueToFind {
return index
}
}
return nil
}
如果没有添加遵循Equatable协议的要求，则会有如下报错,告诉你可以使用==的所有类型。
SwiftPractice.playground:24:20: note: overloads for '==' exist with these partially matching parameter lists: ((), ()), ((A, B), (A, B)), ((A, B, C), (A, B, C)), ((A, B, C, D), (A, B, C, D)), ((A, B, C, D, E), (A, B, C, D, E)), ((A, B, C, D, E, F), (A, B, C, D, E, F)), (Any.Type?, Any.Type?), (AnyHashable, AnyHashable), (AnyIndex, AnyIndex), (AnyKeyPath, AnyKeyPath), (Array<Element>, Array<Element>), (ArraySlice<Element>, ArraySlice<Element>), (Bool, Bool), (CGAffineTransform, CGAffineTransform), (CGPoint, CGPoint), (CGRect, CGRect), (CGSize, CGSize), (CGVector, CGVector), (Calendar, Calendar), (Calendar.Component, Calendar.Component), (Calendar.Identifier, Calendar.Identifier), (Calendar.MatchingPolicy, Calendar.MatchingPolicy), (Calendar.RepeatedTimePolicy, Calendar.RepeatedTimePolicy), (Calendar.SearchDirection, Calendar.SearchDirection), (Character, Character), (CharacterSet, CharacterSet), (ClosedRange<Bound>, ClosedRange<Bound>), (ClosedRange<Bound>.Index, ClosedRange<Bound>.Index), (CodingUserInfoKey, CodingUserInfoKey), (CollectionDifference<ChangeElement>, CollectionDifference<ChangeElement>), (CollectionDifference<ChangeElement>.Change, CollectionDifference<ChangeElement>.Change), (CollectionDifference<ChangeElement>.Index, CollectionDifference<ChangeElement>.Index), (ContiguousArray<Element>, ContiguousArray<Element>), (DarwinBoolean, DarwinBoolean), (Data, Data), (Date, Date), (DateComponents, DateComponents), (DateInterval, DateInterval), (Decimal, Decimal), (Dictionary<Key, Value>.Index, Dictionary<Key, Value>.Index), (Dictionary<Key, Value>.Keys, Dictionary<Key, Value>.Keys), (DispatchQoS, DispatchQoS), (DispatchQoS.QoSClass, DispatchQoS.QoSClass), (DispatchQueue.AutoreleaseFrequency, DispatchQueue.AutoreleaseFrequency), (DispatchQueue.GlobalQueuePriority, DispatchQueue.GlobalQueuePriority), (DispatchQueue.SchedulerTimeType.Stride, DispatchQueue.SchedulerTimeType.Stride), (DispatchTime, DispatchTime), (DispatchTimeInterval, DispatchTimeInterval), (DispatchTimeoutResult, DispatchTimeoutResult), (DispatchWallTime, DispatchWallTime), (EmptyCollection<Element>, EmptyCollection<Element>), (FlattenSequence<Base>.Index, FlattenSequence<Base>.Index), (FloatingPointClassification, FloatingPointClassification), (FloatingPointRoundingRule, FloatingPointRoundingRule), (FloatingPointSign, FloatingPointSign), (IndexPath, IndexPath), (IndexSet, IndexSet), (IndexSet.Index, IndexSet.Index), (IndexSet.RangeView, IndexSet.RangeView), (Int, Int), (Int16, Int16), (Int32, Int32), (Int64, Int64), (Int8, Int8), (LazyPrefixWhileSequence<Base>.Index, LazyPrefixWhileSequence<Base>.Index), (Locale, Locale), (ManagedBufferPointer<Header, Element>, ManagedBufferPointer<Header, Element>), (Measurement<LeftHandSideType>, Measurement<RightHandSideType>), (Mirror.DisplayStyle, Mirror.DisplayStyle), (NSDirectionalEdgeInsets, NSDirectionalEdgeInsets), (NSObject, NSObject), (NSObject.KeyValueObservingPublisher<Subject, Value>, NSObject.KeyValueObservingPublisher<Subject, Value>), (NSRange, NSRange), (Never, Never), (Notification, Notification), (NotificationCenter.Publisher, NotificationCenter.Publisher), (ObjectIdentifier, ObjectIdentifier), (OpaquePointer, OpaquePointer), (OperationQueue.SchedulerTimeType.Stride, OperationQueue.SchedulerTimeType.Stride), (PersonNameComponents, PersonNameComponents), (Range<Bound>, Range<Bound>), (Result<Success, Failure>, Result<Success, Failure>), (ReversedCollection<Base>.Index, ReversedCollection<Base>.Index), (RunLoop.SchedulerTimeType.Stride, RunLoop.SchedulerTimeType.Stride), (Scanner.NumberRepresentation, Scanner.NumberRepresentation), (Selector, Selector), (Self, Other), (Self, RHS), (Set<Element>, Set<Element>), (Set<Element>.Index, Set<Element>.Index), (String, String), (String.Encoding, String.Encoding), (String.Index, String.Index), (TimeZone, TimeZone), (UIEdgeInsets, UIEdgeInsets), (UIFloatRange, UIFloatRange), (UIOffset, UIOffset), (UInt, UInt), (UInt16, UInt16), (UInt32, UInt32), (UInt64, UInt64), (UInt8, UInt8), (URL, URL), (URLComponents, URLComponents), (URLQueryItem, URLQueryItem), (URLRequest, URLRequest), (UUID, UUID), (Unicode.CanonicalCombiningClass, Unicode.CanonicalCombiningClass), (Unicode.GeneralCategory, Unicode.GeneralCategory), (Unicode.NumericType, Unicode.NumericType), (Unicode.Scalar, Unicode.Scalar), (Unicode.UTF32, Unicode.UTF32), (UnicodeDecodingResult, UnicodeDecodingResult), (Wrapped?, Wrapped?), (Wrapped?, _OptionalNilComparisonType), ([Key : Value], [Key : Value]), (_OptionalNilComparisonType, Wrapped?), (_UIntBuffer<Element>.Index, _UIntBuffer<Element>.Index), (_ValidUTF8Buffer.Index, _ValidUTF8Buffer.Index)
if value == valueToFind {
泛型协议
Protocols do not allow generic parameters; use associated types instead
泛型协议通过关联类型实现,管理按类型是协议中类型的占位符。
关联类型
protocol Container {
associatedtype ItemType
mutating func append(_ item: ItemType)
var count: Int { get }
subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
具体实例化的例子：
struct IntStack: Container {
var items = [Int]()
mutating func push(element: Int){
items.append(element)
}
mutating func pop() -> Int {
return items.removeLast()
}
//必须指明关联类型
typealias ItemType = Int
mutating func append(_ item: Int) {
self.push(element: item)
}
var count: Int {
return items.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> Int {
return items[i]
}
}
因为swift强大的类型推断功能，反省类型遵循协议时，可以省略协议中关联类型的显示指定。
struct Stack<Element>: Container {
var items = [Element]()
mutating func push(element: Element){
items.append(element)
}
mutating func pop() -> Element {
return items.removeLast()
}
mutating func append(_ item: Element) {
self.push(element: item)
}
var count: Int {
return items.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> Element {
return items[i]
}
}
关联类型的约束
关联类型的类型约束添加方法与泛型类型中类型约束方法一样,冒号后面添加继承的类或者遵循的协议
protocol Container {
//关联类型约束
associatedtype ItemType: Equatable
mutating func append(_ item: ItemType)
var count: Int { get }
subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
协议本身可以作为其关联类型的类型约束。
protocol Container {
//关联类型约束
associatedtype ItemType: Equatable
mutating func append(_ item: ItemType)
var count: Int { get }
subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
protocol SuffixableContainer: Container {
associatedtype Suffix: SuffixableContainer where Suffix.ItemType == ItemType
func suffix(_ size: Int) -> Suffix
}
struct Stack<Element: Equatable>: Container {
var items = [Element]()
mutating func push(element: Element){
items.append(element)
}
mutating func pop() -> Element {
return items.removeLast()
}
mutating func append(_ item: Element) {
self.push(element: item)
}
var count: Int {
return items.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> Element {
return items[i]
}
}
extension Stack: SuffixableContainer {
func suffix(_ size: Int) -> Stack {
var ans = Stack()
for index in (count - size)..<count {
ans.append(self[index])
}
return ans
}
}
where子句
where子句应用于函数。
protocol Container {
associatedtype ItemType
mutating func append(_ item: ItemType)
var count: Int { get }
subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
func allItemsMatch<C1: Container, C2: Container>(_ someContainer: C1, _ anotherContainer: C2) -> Bool where C1.ItemType == C2.ItemType, C1.ItemType: Equatable
{
if someContainer.count != anotherContainer.count {
return false
}
for i in 0..<someContainer.count {
if someContainer[i] != anotherContainer[i] {
return false
}
}
return true
}
where子句也可以应用在扩展之中。
extension Array where Element: BinaryInteger {
var average: Double {
return self.reduce(0.0) {$0 + Double($1)} / Double(count)
}
}
extension Array where Element == Double {
var average: Element {
return self.reduce(0.0) {$0 + $1} / Double(count)
}
}
where子句应用于关联类型。
protocol Container {
associatedtype ItemType
mutating func append(_ item: ItemType)
var count: Int { get }
subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
associatedtype Iterator: IteratorProtocol where Iterator.Element == ItemType
func makeIterator() -> Iterator
}
泛型下标
protocol Container {
associatedtype ItemType
mutating func append(_ item: ItemType)
var count: Int { get }
subscript(i: Int) -> ItemType { get }
}
extension Container {
subscript<Indices: Sequence>(indices: Indices) -> [ItemType] where Indices.Iterator.Element == Int {
var ans = [ItemType]()
for index in indices {
ans.append(self[index])
}
return ans
}
}
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