大家好！1 月 28 日到 2 月 10 日这两周的“每周一段”段落选自《剑桥雅思官方真题集 9》中第一套题的雅思考官范文。
学习建议：在开始阅读第 2 部分“段落解读”前，先试着自己花 20-30 分钟阅读作文题目、要求，以及文本部分的第 2 段和第 3 段。想一想你会怎样学习这两段考官范文。然后再阅读“段落解读”。
作文题目/Topic：
Some experts say that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school.
作文要求/Task：
Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
建议先快速回顾下范文的前三段：
Traditionally, children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school, but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists. This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individual schools, with both positive and negative outcomes.
The obvious argument in its favor is that young children pick up languages much more easily than teenagers. Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue, which facilitates learning another language, and unlike adolescents, they are not inhibited by self-consciousness.
The greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent, shorter sessions and for a play-centered approach, thus maintaining learners' enthusiasm and progress. Their command of the language in later life will benefit from this early exposure, while learning other languages subsequently will be easier for them. They may also gain a better understanding of other cultures.
一、文本
There are, however, some disadvantages. Primary school teachers are generalists, and may not have the necessary language skills themselves. If specialists have to be brought in to deliver these sessions, the flexibility referred to above is diminished. If primary language teaching is not standardized, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake, resulting in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains. There is no advantage if enthusiastic primary pupils become demotivated as soon as they change schools. However, these issues can be addressed strategically within the policy adopted.
Anything which encourages language learning benefits society culturally and economically, and early exposure to language learning contributes to this. Young children's innate abilities should be harnessed to make these benefits more achievable.
二、段落解读
段落解读 段落选自雅思考官范文的第四段和第五段，我们重点学习第四段。
基本解读：
文章第二段和第三段写的都是题目要求中的“advantages”。第四段写的是“disadvantages”，全段共 6 句话。第 1 句（段首句）是个短句，和前面两段形成转折关系，启下。第 2 句从小学的师资特点切入；第 3 句在第 2 句的基础上做了合理假设，并呼应上一段的观点。第 4 句从一个学校的角度（即学校语言教学的标准化）出发，写非标准化给中学带来的问题；第 5 句接前一句，从学生的角度写语言教学非标化给学生带来的问题。第 6 句（段尾句）简要总结小学阶段开始学习外语的可行性。
进阶解读：
1）注意积累积极写作词汇。我们可以从中积累教育类话题写作必备词汇，比如 generalist, specialist, standardize, 和 demotivated，也可以从中学习适用范围更广的常用地道搭配表达：the flexibility referred above (flexibility 可以替换成任何抽象名词), the flexibility is diminished 和 undo the earlier gains (earlier gains are undone)。
2）注意怎样从不同的主体切入，让写作更丰富、更有说服力。第二段和第三段都是从学生的学习角度切入的，但第四段的第 2 句从小学的师资切入，而第 4 句从学校的角度出发来写。也就是说这篇文章分别从学生、老师和学校的角度切入，这样就解决了没有观点可写、无话可说的问题。我们在审题和写作的时候，可以试着多问问自己，题目中出现或隐含了哪些相关的主体？从这些主体出发，有哪些角度和观点可以展开？
3）可以通过进行合理假设和推论，拓展写作的思路。第 3 句中的“if specialists have to be brought in to deliver these sessions”和第 4 句中的“if primary language teaching is not standardized”都是合理假设，也就是说在有的学校是可能的。合理假设的好处在于可以保证写作的相关性，尤其适用于缺乏观点的时候使用。
4）注意学习自己没有想到的或者不在自己认知范围内的观点。比如：
a) Primary school teachers are generalists, and may not have the necessary language skills themselves.
这种情况会出现在大部分教育资源匮乏的国家或地区，可以从外语技能的特殊性和基础教育资源配置的角度出发来写。
b) If primary language teaching is not standardized, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake, resulting in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains.
这个观点需要我们对不同阶段的教育体系和课程难度有所了解。我们在写作时可以把一些话题拆分成不同的阶段、过程、步骤等，这样便于分析每个环节的具体变量，便于提炼和展开观点。
5）注意写作的连贯性。写作时，除了使用 however, moreover 这样的副词来过渡外，还可以使用一些更自然、更灵活的表达，比如第 3 句中的 “the flexibilityreferred to above”，第 4 句中的“a classroom experience which undoesthe earlier gains”，和第 5 句中的“as soon as they change schools”就可以让文章读起来更连贯、更地道。
6）注意短句的优势和用法。第四段首句和段尾句恰好都是短句。短句适合概括、总结、介绍观点，也经常用来强调某个细节。相对来说，长句一般适合展开观点、描述情形、解释理由、展开例子。
好的写作往往是长短句交错使用，这样读起来节奏比较好，而且也可以方便读者从视觉上区分观点和解释，定位作者想要强调的点。就拿这段来说，从段首句和段尾句我们可以很快知晓作者的观点，全段最长的句子（第 4 句）则充分解释了作者的观点。
三、句子学习
句子学习 我们主要通过“临摹”和“背诵”的方式精学一段话。
1）临摹：提炼句型+造句
临摹句子1：If specialists have to be brought in to deliver these sessions, the flexibility referred to above is diminished.
提炼出句型：If X, the Y referred to above is diminished.
造句示范：
a) If the new solution requires more collaboration between the teams, the efficiency referred to above is diminished. （注解：这个新的解决方案要解决的问题是提高团队的效率，但如果它本身需要团队之间更多的协作的话，那就带来了新的问题，本想解决的效率问题还是没解决。）
b) If the used car breaks down often and requires high maintenance, the good value referred to above is diminished. （注解：很多人买二手车主要是为了省钱，但如果车龄很高，维护成本很高的话，就划不来了。）
临摹句子2：If primary language teaching is not standardized, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake, resulting in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains.
提炼出句型：If X, Y, resulting in Z.
造句示范：
a) If employees' accomplishments are not recognized by their superiors, they are highly likely to be demotivated, resulting in low morale and a divisive company culture.（场景：很多员工吐槽自己做了很多事情，但上级并不会注意到或认可自己的成就，时间长了公司文化就会出问题。）
b) If those who are brave enough to help others by putting themselves in danger are not properly rewarded, people will just be more indifferent and insensitive to strangers, resulting in a more cynical society. （场景：见义勇为行动）
临摹句子3：There is no advantage if enthusiastic primary pupils become demotivated as soon as they change schools.
提炼出句型：There is no advantage if X.
造句示范：
a) There is no advantage if the new solution requires more collaboration between the teams.
b) There is no advantage if the second-hand car easily breaks down and requires high maintenance.
2）可直接背诵和使用的句子
a) There are, however, some disadvantages.
b) However, these issues can be addressed strategically within the policy adopted.
四、作业
1）参考第三部分的句型造句，造句时可以用中文写出具体的语境。
2）用不同的句式和表达 paraphrase 下面的句子（可以写多个句子）：
a) There are, however, some disadvantages.
b) However, these issues can be addressed strategically within the policy adopted.
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