思沃学院第一期学习任务 101 总结
Ubuntu历史
Ubuntu是世界最受欢迎完全开源的操作系统之一
详细描述 ： ubuntu维基百科
快捷键学习
常用快捷键
Ctrl+Alt+F1：进入终端界面。
Ctrl+Alt+F7：回到图形界面。
Ctrl+Alt+T：进入伪终端，当然我们的大部分操作只需要在伪终端下操作即可。
Ctrl+D：关闭伪终端。
Ctrl+Alt+L：锁屏。
终端常用快捷键
Shift+Pageup/Page down：向上向下翻页
Tab：命令补全功能
Ctrl+Shift+c：复制
Ctrl+Shift+v：粘贴
Ctrl+a：移动到当前行开始位置
Ctrl+e：移动到当前行结尾
Ctrl+k：删除此处至末尾所有内容
Ctrl+u：删除此处至开始所有内容
Ctrl+l：刷新屏幕
Ctrl+c：杀死当前任务
Ctrl+s：挂起当前shell
Ctrl+q：重新启用挂起的shell
Alt+u：把当前词转化为大写
Alt+l：把当前词转化为小写
Alt+c：把当前词变成首字母大写
[参考]：文／TW安洋（简书作者)
常用命令学习
-
ls - List
ls列出当前工作目录内容
➜ ~ ls
Book examples.desktop Music Public wince3+1
Desktop gradle-2.9-bin.zip newRamlProject Templates
Documents IdeaProjects pdf Videos
Downloads logs Pictures WebstormProjects
-
mkdir - Make Directory
mkdir <new-directory-name>创建一个新的文件夹
➜ ~ mkdir newDir
➜ ~ ls
Book examples.desktop Music Public wince3+1
Desktop gradle-2.9-bin.zip newRamlProject Templates newDir
Documents IdeaProjects pdf Videos
Downloads logs Pictures WebstormProjects
-
pwd – Print Working Directory
pwd显示当前工作目录
➜ ~ pwd
/home/zhyingjia
-
cd – Change Directory
cd <directory-name>进入某一文件目录
➜ ~ cd newDir
➜ newDir pwd
/home/zhyingjia/newDir
-
rmdir – Remove Directory
rmdir <directory-name>删除给定的空目录
➜ ~ rmdir newDir
➜ ~ ls
Book examples.desktop Music Public wince3+1
Desktop gradle-2.9-bin.zip newRamlProject Templates
Documents IdeaProjects pdf Videos
Downloads logs Pictures WebstormProjects
-
rm – Remove
rm <file-name>删除给定的文件或文件夹
rm -r <directory-name>递归删除文件夹
➜ newDir mkdir content
➜ newDir ls
content
➜ newDir cd ../
➜ ~ rmdir newDir
rmdir: failed to remove 'newDir': Directory not empty
➜ ~ rm newDir
rm: cannot remove 'newDir': Is a directory
➜ ~ rm -r newDir
➜ ~ ls
Book examples.desktop Music Public wince3+1
Desktop gradle-2.9-bin.zip newRamlProject Templates
Documents IdeaProjects pdf Videos
Downloads logs Pictures WebstormProjects
-
cp – Copy
cp <source-file> <destination-file>对文件进行复制
cp -r <source-folder> <destination-folder>对文件夹进行递归复制
➜ newDir touch file1.txt
➜ newDir ls
content file1.txt
➜ newDir cp file1.txt file2.txt
➜ newDir ls
content file1.txt file2.txt
➜ newDir ls
content file1.txt file2.txt
➜ newDir cp file2.txt content
➜ newDir ls
content file1.txt file2.txt
➜ newDir cd content
➜ content ls
file2.txt
-
mv – MoVe
mv <source> <destination>对文件或文件夹进行移动 / 重命名
➜ newDir ls
content file2.txt
➜ newDir cd content
➜ content ls
➜ content cd ../
// 重命名
➜ newDir mv file2.txt file.txt
➜ newDir ls
content file.txt
// 移动
➜ newDir mv file.txt content
➜ newDir ls
content
➜ newDir cd content
➜ content ls
file.txt
-
cat – concatenate and print files
cat <file>用于在标准输出（监控器或屏幕）上查看文件内容
Shift + PgUp向上翻页
Shift + PgDn向下翻页
➜ content ls
file.txt
➜ content cat file.txt
0 file test data
1 file test data
2 file test data
3 file test data
4 file test data
5 file test data
6 file test data
7 file test data
8 file test data
9 file test data
10 file test data
11 file test data
12 file test data
13 file test data
-
10.tail – print TAIL (from last) >
tail <file-name>默认在标准输出上显示给定文件的最后10行内容
tail -n N <file-name>指定在标准输出上显示文件的最后N行内容
➜ content tail file.txt
4 file test data
5 file test data
6 file test data
7 file test data
8 file test data
9 file test data
10 file test data
11 file test data
12 file test data
13 file test data
➜ content tail file.txt -n 3
11 file test data
12 file test data
13 file test data
-
less – print LESS
less <file-name>按页或按窗口打印文件内容。在查看包含大量文本数据的大文件时是非常有用和高效的。
Ctrl+F向前翻页
Ctrl+B向后翻页 -
grep
grep "<string>" <file-name>在给定的文件中搜寻指定的字符串
grep -i "<string>" <file-name>在搜寻时会忽略字符串的大小写
grep -r "<string>" <file-name>在当前工作目录的文件中递归搜寻指定的字符串
➜ ~ grep "1 f" newDir/content/file.txt
1 file test data
11 file test data
➜ ~ grep "0 File" newDir/content/file.txt
➜ ~ grep "0 File" -i newDir/content/file.txt
0 file test data
10 file test data
➜ ~ cd newDir
➜ newDir grep "0 File" -i -r
content/file.txt:0 file test data
content/file.txt:10 file test data
-
Find
find <folder-to-search> -name <file-name>在给定位置搜寻与条件匹配的文件(区分大小写)
find <folder-to-search> -iname <file-name>在给定位置搜寻与条件匹配的文件（不区分大小写）
➜ ~ find newDir -name content
newDir/content
➜ ~ find newDir -iname Content
newDir/content
-
tar（打包）
tar -cvf <archive-name.tar> <file1-OR-file2-OR-both-to-archive>打包对应文件/目录
tar -tvf <archive-to-view.tar>来查看打包文件的内容
tar -xvf <archive-to-extract.tar>来提取对应打包文件内容
➜ newDir ls
content
➜ newDir tar -cvf content.tar content
content/
content/file.txt
➜ newDir ls
content content.tar
➜ newDir tar -tvf content.tar
drwxrwxr-x zhyingjia/zhyingjia 0 2016-12-09 22:22 content/
-rw-rw-r-- zhyingjia/zhyingjia 242 2016-12-09 22:22 content/file.txt
➜ newDir rm -rf content
➜ newDir ls
content.tar
➜ newDir tar -xvf content.tar
content/
content/file.txt
➜ newDir ls
content content.tar
-
gzip（压缩）
gzip <filename>创建压缩文件
gzip -d <filename>提取压缩文件
➜ content ls
file.txt
➜ content gzip file.txt
➜ content ls
file.txt.gz
➜ content gzip -d file.txt.gz
➜ content ls
file.txt
-
zip（压缩）
zip archive-name.zip filename压缩一个文件
zip -r archive-name.zip directory-name递归压缩一个目录
➜ content zip file.zip file.txt
adding: file.txt (deflated 100%)
➜ content ls
file.txt file.zip
➜ content cd ../
➜ newDir ls
content
➜ newDir zip -r content.zip content
adding: content/ (stored 0%)
adding: content/file.zip (stored 0%)
adding: content/file.txt (deflated 100%)
➜ newDir ls
content content.zip
-
unzip(解压缩)
unzip <archive-to-extract.zip>对.zip文档进行解压
在解压之前，可以使用unzip -l <archive-to-extract.zip>
命令查看文件内容
// 因为解压的时候会有命名冲突，因此将content.zip移动到content下进行操作
➜ newDir mv content.zip content/
➜ newDir ls
content
➜ newDir cd content
➜ content ls
content.zip file.txt file.zip
➜ content unzip -l content.zip
Archive: content.zip
Length Date Time Name
--------- ---------- ----- ----
0 2016-12-10 13:20 content/
193 2016-12-10 13:20 content/file.zip
10240 2016-12-10 13:05 content/file.txt
--------- -------
10433 3 files
➜ content unzip content.zip
Archive: content.zip
creating: content/
extracting: content/file.zip
inflating: content/file.txt
➜ content ls
content content.zip file.txt file.zip
-
help
help会在终端列出所有可用的命令
<command-name> --help查看该命令的具体用法
➜ ~ bash
zhyingjia@zhyingjia-Inspiron-5437:~$ help
GNU bash, version 4.3.46(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history>
(( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ >
... ...
zhyingjia@zhyingjia-Inspiron-5437:~$ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of
... ...
zhyingjia@zhyingjia-Inspiron-5437:~$ zsh
➜ ~ ls --help
Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all do not list implied . and ..
--author with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
... ...
-
whatis – What is this command
whatis <command-name>会用单行来描述给定的命令。
➜ ~ whatis ls
ls (1) - list directory contents
➜ ~ whatis man
man (7) - macros to format man pages
man (1) - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
-
man – Manual
man <command-name>会为给定的命令显示一个手册页面
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is
specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..
... ...
-
exit
exit用于结束当前的终端会话 : 即关闭当前终端
Ctrl+D退出当前终端 -
ping
ping <remote-host-address>通过发送数据包ping远程主机(服务器)，常用与检测网络连接和服务器状态。
➜ ~ ping www.jianshu.com
PING www.jianshu.com (106.75.2.241) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 106.75.2.241: icmp_seq=1 ttl=50 time=20.1 ms
64 bytes from 106.75.2.241: icmp_seq=2 ttl=50 time=20.4 ms
64 bytes from 106.75.2.241: icmp_seq=3 ttl=50 time=19.9 ms
64 bytes from 106.75.2.241: icmp_seq=4 ttl=50 time=19.7 ms
64 bytes from 106.75.2.241: icmp_seq=5 ttl=50 time=22.7 ms
64 bytes from 106.75.2.241: icmp_seq=6 ttl=50 time=19.8 ms
-
who – Who Is logged in
who列出当前登录的用户名
➜ ~ who
zhyingjia tty7 2016-12-10 12:28 (:0)
zhyingjia tty2 2016-12-10 13:44
-
su – Switch User
su <username>用于切换不同的用户
即使没有使用密码，超级用户也能切换到其它用户
➜ ~ su user1
Password:
user1@zhyingjia-Inspiron-5437:/home/zhyingjia$
- How to create a user?
➜ ~ sudo useradd user1 // 使用管理员权限，创建一个用户: sudo useradd <username>
➜ ~ sudo passwd user1 // 使用管理员权限，修改用户密码 sudo passwd <username>
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
➜ ~ cd ../ // 在home目录下使用管理员创建对应工作目录sudo mkdir <username>
➜ /home ls
zhyingjia
➜ /home sudo mkdir user1
➜ /home ls
user1 zhyingjia
创建成功
➜ /home cd // 切换用户 su <username>
➜ ~ su user1
Password:
user1@zhyingjia-Inspiron-5437:/home/zhyingjia$
- How to delete a user?
Ctrl + D 退出当前 user1 用户终端
Ctrl + T 打开新终端
➜ ~ sudo userdel user1 // 使用管理员权限删除指定用户 sudo userdel <username>
[sudo] password for zhyingjia:
➜ ~ cd ../ // 回到home目录下，使用管理员权限，删除对应用户目录 sudo rm -rf <delusername>
➜ /home ls
user1 zhyingjia
➜ /home sudo rm -rf user1
➜ /home ls
zhyingjia
➜ /home
删除完成
-
uname
uname显示出关于系统的重要信息，如内核名称、主机名、内核版本、处理机类型等等
uname -a可以查看所有信息
➜ ~ uname
Linux
➜ ~ uname -a
Linux zhyingjia-Inspiron-5437 4.4.0-47-generic #68-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 26 19:39:52 UTC 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
-
free – Free memory
free显示出系统的空闲内存、已经占用内存、可利用的交换内存等信息
free -m将结果中的单位转换成KB
free –g则转换成GB
➜ ~ free
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 8077760 1424756 4778536 314972 1874468 6018344
Swap: 0 0 0
➜ ~ free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7888 1391 4667 306 1829 5877
Swap: 0 0 0
➜ ~ free -g
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 7 1 4 0 1 5
Swap: 0 0
-
df – Disk space Free
df查看文件系统中磁盘的使用情况 : 硬盘已用、可用的存储空间以及其它存储设备
df -h将结果以人类可读的方式显示
➜ ~ df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev 4018760 0 4018760 0% /dev
tmpfs 807776 9732 798044 2% /run
/dev/sda1 144103744 27505216 109255224 21% /
tmpfs 4038880 20352 4018528 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5120 4 5116 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 4038880 0 4038880 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 807776 56 807720 1% /run/user/1000
➜ ~ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev
tmpfs 789M 9.6M 780M 2% /run
/dev/sda1 138G 27G 105G 21% /
tmpfs 3.9G 20M 3.9G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock
tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 789M 56K 789M 1% /run/user/1000
-
ps – ProcesseS
ps显示系统的运行进程
➜ ~ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
9065 pts/4 00:00:00 zsh
9902 pts/4 00:00:00 zsh
10422 pts/4 00:00:00 ps
-
Top – TOP processes
top命令会默认按照CPU的占用情况，显示占用量较大的进程
top -u <username>查看某个用户的CPU使用排名情况
➜ ~ top
top - 14:08:07 up 2:15, 2 users, load average: 0.08, 0.14, 0.12
Tasks: 242 total, 1 running, 241 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 1.7 us, 0.9 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.2 id, 0.2 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem : 8077760 total, 4771916 free, 1435888 used, 1869956 buff/cache
KiB Swap: 0 total, 0 free, 0 used. 6011856 avail Mem
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
934 root 20 0 377124 55856 41004 S 5.0 0.7 1:52.05 Xorg
9060 zhyingj+ 20 0 588396 34860 27780 S 2.3 0.4 0:02.54 gnome-term+
1885 zhyingj+ 20 0 1542564 156032 73488 S 2.0 1.9 2:01.80 compiz
2528 zhyingj+ 20 0 500092 122060 70992 S 0.3 1.5 1:38.04 chrome
4519 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:01.87 kworker/u8+
10460 zhyingj+ 20 0 48976 4240 3540 R 0.3 0.1 0:00.01 top
1 root 20 0 185488 6124 3984 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.63 systemd
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthreadd
3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.04 ksoftirqd/0
5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:+
7 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:05.16 rcu_sched
... ...
-
shutdown
shutdown用于关闭计算机
shutdown -r用于重启计算机
总结 + 感受
- 快捷键比较方便，好好练习使用快捷键
- 基本命令需要掌握参数含义
- 有时间应该多了解一下Ubuntu操作系统吧 _
参考
- 参考出处已注明
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