1. Give the pupils something to do, not something to learn and the doing is of such a nature as to demand thinking; learning naturally results. (John Dewey 1916)
给学生学习任务，而不是学习材料，并且学习任务要能促使学生动脑思考；这种时候学习就自然地发生了。（约翰·杜威 1916）
2. The two limits of every unit of thinking are a perplexed, troubled, or confused situation at the beginning, and a cleared up, unified, resolved situation at the close. (John Dewey 1933）
所有的思维活动，不论规模大小，都面临着两大阻碍：一是开始时的重重困惑和重重困难，二是结束时的一锤定音和惊人统一。（约翰·杜威 1933）
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