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如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加

如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?(II)建立加

作者: Venture_Mark | 来源:发表于2018-10-04 18:05 被阅读0次

    启动testrpc

    打开终端,启动testrpc,相关环境在如何编写智能合约(Smart Contract)?这篇文章里面已经有具体说明。

    liyuechun:~ yuechunli$ testrpc
    EthereumJS TestRPC v4.1.3 (ganache-core: 1.1.3)
    ...
    
    

    接下来我们就可以一步步的创建我们的加密代币项目了。

    代币合约的基本概念

    代币合约扮演的角色相当于银行的角色。使用者在代币合约中,用自己的以太币帐户地址当作银行帐户,可以透过代币合约执行转账(transfer,将代币由一个帐户转到另一个帐户),查询余额(balanceOf,查询指定帐户中拥有的代币)等原本由银行负责的工作。因为合约部署在公开区块链上,所有的交易都是公开透明,可供检验的。

    创建代币合约项目

    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ pwd
    /Users/liyuechun/Desktop/SmartContractDemo/EncryptedToken
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle init
    Downloading project...
    Project initialized.
    
      Documentation: http://truffleframework.com/docs
    
    Commands:
    
      Compile: truffle compile
      Migrate: truffle migrate
      Test:    truffle test
    
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ 
    
    
    image

    新建代币合约

    终端执行truffle create contract EncryptedToken命令创建EncryptedToken.sol合约。

    create contract EncryptedToken.gif image

    编写合约代码

    将下面的合约代码拷贝,替换EncryptedToken.sol文件的代码。

    pragma solidity ^0.4.4;
    
    contract EncryptedToken {
      uint256 INITIAL_SUPPLY = 666666;
      mapping(address => uint256) balances;
      function EncryptedToken() {
        balances[msg.sender] = INITIAL_SUPPLY;
      }
      // 转账到一个指定的地址
      function transfer(address _to, uint256 _amount) {
        assert(balances[msg.sender] < _amount);
        balances[msg.sender] -= _amount;
        balances[_to] += _amount;
      }
      // 查看指定地址的余额
      function balanceOf(address _owner) constant returns (uint256) {
        return balances[_owner];
      }
    }
    
    

    pragma solidity ^0.4.4中的0.4.4代表solidity的版本,^代表0.4.4 ~ 0.4.9之间的solidity都可以正常编译当前版本的合约。

    contract相当于其他语言中的classEncryptedToken相当于的名字。contract EncryptedToken可以理解为class EncryptedToken extends Contract

    uint256 INITIAL_SUPPLY = 666666声明了一个变量INITIAL_SUPPLY,初始化存储了一个666666的整数作为部署当前合约的钱包地址的代币数。

    mapping(address => uint256) balances;balances是一个key类型为addressvalue类型为uint256的键值对(mapping),相当于Java中的map、iOS中的NSDictionary

    function EncryptedToken()函数是EncryptedToken合约的构造函数(contructor),当EncryptedToken合约调用时,会先执行它的构造函数。

    在构造函数中,会以当前部署合约的钱包地址为key,以INITIAL_SUPPLYvalue初始化一个键值对。

    function transfer(address _to, uint256 _amount) {
        assert(balances[msg.sender] < _amount);
        balances[msg.sender] -= _amount;
        balances[_to] += _amount;
    }
    
    

    transfer函数是声明用来从转账到指定钱包地址的函数,_to代表转账的目的地地址,_amount代表转账金额。

    assert(balances[msg.sender] < _amount),这句代码中,我声明了一个断言,当balances[msg.sender] < _amount,即当前钱包余额小于要转账的额度时,就会抛出异常。

    balances[msg.sender] -= _amount;从当前钱包额度中减去_amount

    balances[_to] += _amount;,将目标地址的额度增加_amount

     function balanceOf(address _owner) constant returns (uint256) {
    
        return balances[_owner];
     }
    
    

    balanceOf(address _owner)函数是用来查询指定钱包地址的余额,_owner即是指定的钱包地址,returns (uint256)代表返回值的类型为uint256constant关键字的作用是,当我们调用balanceOf函数时,它会自动调用call()方法,表明只是读书数据,而不需要往区块链写入数据,调用这个方法,不需要花费手续费。

    编译与部署

    migrations/目录下创建一个名字叫做3_deploy_contract.js的文件。文件中的内容为:

    var EncryptedToken = artifacts.require('./EncryptedToken.sol');
    
    module.exports = function(deployer) {
      deployer.deploy(EncryptedToken);
    }
    
    
    image

    接下来执行compilemigrate命令:

    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle compile
    Compiling ./contracts/ConvertLib.sol...
    Compiling ./contracts/EncryptedToken.sol...
    Compiling ./contracts/MetaCoin.sol...
    Compiling ./contracts/Migrations.sol...
    Writing artifacts to ./build/contracts
    
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle migrate
    Using network 'development'.
    
    Running migration: 1_initial_migration.js
      Deploying Migrations...
      ... 0x8b31575b8ac09efae7bdf933823fcf91885b4e1c93b4d9b37421d22ab73cef25
      Migrations: 0x9b34fffa8e0d2e6d09f59ee289db13e0662b68fe
    Saving successful migration to network...
      ... 0x45ba02af03a7e94f66bebbb72eebf547ffe128a49f01437aca6b45c2f489b0a1
    Saving artifacts...
    Running migration: 2_deploy_contracts.js
      Deploying ConvertLib...
      ... 0xae9c5fd334d8925b027d8de3ca9aeb13e2bd1d2d3b95b49ef3c7b472446d73ae
      ConvertLib: 0x3f7fff3afe38a0a152806a0f4f416e52a338829f
      Linking ConvertLib to MetaCoin
      Deploying MetaCoin...
      ... 0x8da8a4c881eb9bb62a1477db13044ce84707aac0df54f7ab1baf8b7f0904d251
      MetaCoin: 0x7b9cc3ebba27a1ef8dda0b1825ae47369d647739
    Saving successful migration to network...
      ... 0x319cebe2651f0dfbb4adb0a187745a6d47bde22243e4cb32346790ea9abbc5c8
    Saving artifacts...
    Running migration: 3_deploy_contract.js
      Deploying EncryptedToken...
      ... 0x5e6203aaf1280bac1f991cb3d2858342d9287c0970da8068eeae657b54022cab
      EncryptedToken: 0x16685fb5d7e88293fc1c79a0428f3ab9d2165384
    Saving successful migration to network...
      ... 0x713227a22cafea3ff1fa3bd35ff38cb367d9c8dbdc698124053f72020d37bf28
    Saving artifacts...
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ 
    
    

    如上所示,我们已经将EncryptedToken代币合约部署到了testrpc上。

    合约验证

    合约部署完成后,我们通过truffle console开启console控制台,在这个控制台中对已经部署的合约进行验证。

    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle console
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.coinbase
    '0x38ae16e70a31ba8679cdcac1cac6ffda7226f2d1'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[0]
    '0x38ae16e70a31ba8679cdcac1cac6ffda7226f2d1'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[1]
    '0xedbbf7b06f3f35fd32ab8157e6cd4ced257451e8'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[2]
    '0xfdb73d8ed20f7e9981264be7639346e57db28698'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[3]
    '0x77f0688b69c236f0fb9264a9daf8ca06952f278f'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[4]
    '0x4f1ed5c8c87fad9c37ab509203026d041e00417b'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[5]
    '0xdead10c6c02ef4121e0d2f63d979daa3b9a692be'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[6]
    '0xf265663d195078f445a08966a660fbffff421d20'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[7]
    '0x1d822a897b9ca697ee03766b3d13a5a0c7235b78'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[8]
    '0xafcc21dc7a09c8e23532aba4c8cc64b1b7831892'
    truffle(development)> web3.eth.accounts[9]
    '0x4693ab1bc520ac1314e77077645b7ee15f7510ce'
    truffle(development)> 
    
    
    image

    testrpc启动时,系统会给我们分配10个钱包地址,如上图所示我们可以通过web3.eth.coinbase或者web3.eth.accounts[0]获取首个钱包地址,当然也可以根据索引获取其他的钱包地址。

    接下来声明一个合约变量存储EncryptedToken合约实例。

    truffle(development)> let contract;
    undefined
    truffle(development)> EncryptedToken.deployed().then(instance => contract = instance)
    .....
    truffle(development)> 
    
    

    验证web3.eth.coinbaseweb3.eth.accounts[1]中的余额。

    truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.coinbase)
    { [String: '666666'] s: 1, e: 5, c: [ 666666 ] }
    truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.accounts[1])
    { [String: '0'] s: 1, e: 0, c: [ 0 ] }
    truffle(development)> 
    
    

    经验证,第0个钱包地址中的代币余额为666666,第1个钱包地址中的代币余额为0

    下一步,我们将从第0个账号中向第1个账号转账666个代币。

    truffle(development)> contract.transfer(web3.eth.accounts[1], 666)
    Error: VM Exception while processing transaction: invalid opcode
        at Object.InvalidResponse (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:37295:16)
        at /usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:224765:36
        at /usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:208348:9
        at XMLHttpRequest.request.onreadystatechange (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:209773:13)
        at XMLHttpRequestEventTarget.dispatchEvent (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:67130:18)
        at XMLHttpRequest._setReadyState (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:67420:12)
        at XMLHttpRequest._onHttpResponseEnd (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:67575:12)
        at IncomingMessage.<anonymous> (/usr/local/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/cli.bundled.js:67535:24)
        at emitNone (events.js:110:20)
        at IncomingMessage.emit (events.js:207:7)
    truffle(development)> 
    
    

    如上所示,转账过程中出现了异常,转账失败,仔细检查一下,不难发现是因为在我们合约代码EncryptedToken.sol中有这么一句代码assert(balances[msg.sender] < _amount);,也就是说只有当balances[msg.sender]小于_amount时,才不会出现异常,所以我们应该将<符号换成>符号,即当balances[msg.sender]余额不足时抛出异常。

    image

    代码修改后,需要重新编译,部署。

    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ pwd
    /Users/liyuechun/Desktop/SmartContractDemo/EncryptedToken
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ ls
    build       contracts   migrations  test        truffle.js
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ rm -rf build/
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ ls
    contracts   migrations  test        truffle.js
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle compile
    Compiling ./contracts/ConvertLib.sol...
    Compiling ./contracts/EncryptedToken.sol...
    Compiling ./contracts/MetaCoin.sol...
    Compiling ./contracts/Migrations.sol...
    Writing artifacts to ./build/contracts
    
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle migrate --reset
    Using network 'development'.
    
    Running migration: 1_initial_migration.js
      Deploying Migrations...
      ... 0x04c008d8e7008afa1ace7c0dc294eb2e5b02a94960e559811d12187c53b07e56
      Migrations: 0x192929621fd7cf4dd2ac72b42c5f52b40ccfa999
    Saving successful migration to network...
      ... 0xd4c65a206e68caab63957343e59282f7a34d92b0f1e1ac99cf77c127d014f958
    Saving artifacts...
    Running migration: 2_deploy_contracts.js
      Deploying ConvertLib...
      ... 0x4d9e476d05e1b7aea3764c0fd44799ce984d04006435d2959a87b97f62ee2c5a
      ConvertLib: 0xdf7dc01c43772881f21f857f2d689ea591a66a20
      Linking ConvertLib to MetaCoin
      Deploying MetaCoin...
      ... 0xe4ef8fc746d9772a964d8137af4c14eab4c03a7071e1b1b1f27ec963a28558b0
      MetaCoin: 0x685a10d1a8d5196e20a8ae31e0fe80f122e4dd47
    Saving successful migration to network...
      ... 0xdd3a300b3f22997540ae019f31f0de4b6b8117cf1dcbc61ed5c2b25bb8011e7c
    Saving artifacts...
    Running migration: 3_deploy_contract.js
      Deploying EncryptedToken...
      ... 0x08ff437889f6bca7650550491937ed078d09bbbec5a2986146824ba7b7bd0e27
      EncryptedToken: 0xe4de630b2c2818dc18a1ac16935a945634c33a03
    Saving successful migration to network...
      ... 0x6eadbc688aca46b34d11696ceca3564ded694dec772412ecf3da4cb6310f7d23
    Saving artifacts...
    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ 
    
    

    备注:编译时,一定要先将build文件夹删除,其次在部署合约时,一定要添加--reset,否则修改后的合约没法部署成功。

    打开控制台,按照如下操作进行验证。

    liyuechun:EncryptedToken yuechunli$ truffle console
    truffle(development)> let contract
    undefined
    truffle(development)> EncryptedToken.deployed().then(instance => contract = instance)
    truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.coinbase)
    { [String: '666666'] s: 1, e: 5, c: [ 666666 ] }
    truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.accounts[1])
    { [String: '0'] s: 1, e: 0, c: [ 0 ] }
    truffle(development)> contract.transfer(web3.eth.accounts[1], 666)
    { tx: '0x93a38d9c86520cdd5c033511bb67f4aa5230811acf8eb6a703d907d31a4d044d',
      receipt: 
       { transactionHash: '0x93a38d9c86520cdd5c033511bb67f4aa5230811acf8eb6a703d907d31a4d044d',
         transactionIndex: 0,
         blockHash: '0xe02e7c9859d43e398bf0ece48e3a15510bb76beefa9bd48ce46a39022ccf5a43',
         blockNumber: 31,
         gasUsed: 48952,
         cumulativeGasUsed: 48952,
         contractAddress: null,
         logs: [] },
      logs: [] }
    truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.coinbase)
    { [String: '666000'] s: 1, e: 5, c: [ 666000 ] }
    truffle(development)> contract.balanceOf(web3.eth.accounts[1])
    { [String: '666'] s: 1, e: 2, c: [ 666 ] }
    truffle(development)> 
    
    

    如上所示,代币转账成功。

    总结

    在这篇文章中,只是简单介绍了代币系统的逻辑,并没有对安全进行相关操作,比如:余额不够的处理、地址合不合法的处理等等。当然,通过这篇文章的学习,你再回头看我们初始项目中的MetaCoin代码时,你就应该能看懂了。

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