第二展馆外貌
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第二展馆入口
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根据参观的内容,对照三星堆《古城古国古蜀文化陈列》导讲词,我发现展览的内容有所调整。导讲词中所述的第二展馆的部分文物及内容在这里没有看到;由于我们看展览已经超时,匆忙间也遗漏了一些展览内容。
下面,我根据参观的内容和类别,参照《古城古国古蜀文化陈列》导讲词,做相应的归类描述。
第二展馆主题:三星永耀——神秘的青铜王国
一、 奇秘面具——三星堆青铜面具
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/7663db74a439dd7b.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/0ce759f13764adae.jpg)
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1、正大神容——青铜大面具
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/0c93382304c08907.jpg)
这是展馆体量最大的面具,高72厘米,宽132厘米,面具厚重沉稳,端庄谨严,呈现出其作为膜拜对象的显赫威仪。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/d4aedebdf249bc2c.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/a0fc6edf06c5c3dc.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/67db3bf71b0eeab8.jpg)
面具的背面
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/600b745c9d4ef041.jpg)
面具的侧后
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/e73fbac3b28b6fd2.jpg)
2、纵目千里——青铜纵目面具
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/6e6990bb67413a19.jpg)
这件面具高66厘米,宽138厘米,宽嘴巴,大耳朵,耳部斜向伸展,极为夸张,额头正中有一方孔,可能原来安装有装饰物。面具最奇特的是:双眼呈柱状外凸达16厘米,被人们称为“千里眼、顺风耳”。这样的造型在全世界独一无二。它是谁?学术界一般认为它和传说中第一代蜀王——蚕从有关。古籍《华阳国志》记载“蜀侯蚕丛其目纵,始称王”。有学者认为“目纵”很可能指的就是眼睛突出。古人可能有意夸大了祖先的特征,似乎是利用夸张的五官来表现祖先有超人的能力(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/2387b45aed21b6d5.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/77b3a0c45888f2fe.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/8d23a89f81165a52.jpg)
面具的背面
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/cb95f69dad8c8f68.jpg)
3、天之骄子——戴冠青铜纵目面具
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/6cee0914cf2ae04e.jpg)
面具出自二号祭祀坑,高82.5厘米,宽78厘米,在额正中的方孔中补铸有高达68厘米的夔龙形额饰,这件面具的耳和鼻采用嵌铸法铸造,我们可以从面具的背后清楚的看到嵌铸痕迹。出土时,面具的眼、眉有黛色,口唇涂有朱砂。其造型之精美使它在各类形象中颇显突出(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/40c42b7373046348.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/cb80a38b49cf8c7b.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/ed1aecbfa238d582.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/91e0a9f02f780c01.jpg)
4、各式青铜人面具
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/d22afd2233ffa181.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/bae397624c93ae39.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/0a3918a598fbf691.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/d05e498e983f59fe.jpg)
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![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/e4fd143244a27fed.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/6de9482b6770bd73.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/beed27966659a279.jpg)
5、青铜眼泡
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/c3f6a9269766f96a.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/23b485b094164554.jpg)
6、青铜眼形器
遗址中还出土了数目众多、形式各异的青铜眼形器。这种菱形的眼睛颇为引人注目,它们有的由四部分组成,有的由两部分组成,也有完整成型的,从这些数字几何等分上可以看出古蜀先民对数学和几何学已有一定的认识。这些眼形器,均有穿孔,应是绑附或钉挂在其他物体上使用的,其用途应与宗教祭祀活动有关(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/a0ef559ad378f6cf.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/970238c915b070e4.jpg)
二、日照中天——青铜太阳轮
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/60f5db0ca4f4e98c.jpg)
二号祭祀坑出土了6件青铜轮形器,这是其中的一件,直径85厘米左右,学术界一般认为这是古人塑造的太阳和太阳神的崇拜,是人类早期共同的文化心理。在世界各地的早期岩画和文物中,有关太阳的图案或其纹饰多得不胜枚举,而这件以青铜的实物形态来表现太阳的却是很少见的,这些太阳轮上均有小孔,估计是要把他们钉挂起来,作为太阳的象征接受人们顶礼膜拜的(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/980481c93ce70e3c.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/9a6969db87e6673e.jpg)
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![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/5e49af3b8d24e13f.jpg)
三、凤鸟翔云——青铜大鸟头、青铜鸟
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/542dbc08b51dc28c.jpg)
青铜大鸟头 出自二号祭祀坑,高40.3厘米,出土时在它的勾喙口缝和眼珠周围还涂有红色的朱砂,这只鸟头最为引人注目的便是弯钩状的喙。古代传说中的蜀王柏灌、鱼凫、杜宇都以鸟命名,可见古蜀族与鸟的关系极为密切, “凫”指的是我们常见的一种水鸟鸬鹚,即鱼鹰。不少学者认为三星堆与鱼凫王的关系最为密切,大鸟头与鱼鹰的造型十分接近,从颈部的四个圆孔来看,估计是固定在神庙建筑或者其他物体之上,作为蜀王鱼凫的象征和标志使用的(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/248a99b2b20821ad.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/c33df37c1fd98552.jpg)
三星堆的出土文物中,以集群形式展现的动物造型,最引人瞩目的就是阵容强大的凤鸟一族。鸟和鸟形饰一般是一些大型器物的附件或装饰物。鸟与蜀族有极大的关系,几代都以鸟为名,鸟崇拜之风在古蜀可谓兴盛。鸟崇拜的实质是太阳及太阳神崇拜。在早期的农业社会,崇拜太阳就是祈求丰收(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/ed3f5ef8827504de.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/f7fc08f8fca32095.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/d256db85c3ecfef5.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/1b7959daef79c8b4.jpg)
青铜鸟形器
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/9920824cb65ff3f7.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/13e7ee015b3cb998.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/2e6dad4ec40e7741.jpg)
四、龙蛇腾飞——青铜龙、蛇
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/503ce7e8d6a1ba3c.jpg)
这件爬龙柱形器出自一号祭祀坑,高41厘米,龙的前爪爬在器顶上,身尾贴于器壁,后爪紧抓器壁两侧,尾巴上卷,从头部的犄角和胡子来看,酷似山羊。龙本是中国古代传说中一种能上天入地、呼风唤雨的神异动物,这件龙柱形器做工精美,可见在古蜀人的眼中也是地位崇高,颇具神威的灵物。青铜蛇三角形的脑袋微微上昂,长着一双勾云纹的眼睛,身上有菱形纹和鳞甲,背部有残断的羽翅。蛇颈部和腹部又环纽,估计原来蛇是挂在某种物体上作为神物受人顶礼膜拜的(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/094878a5fa1b2b91.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/cb2b92160ed43581.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/dd9f0f80dde292ca.jpg)
五、雄杰灵怪——青铜鸟脚人像
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/cc9e6e36c0096f60.jpg)
鸟脚人像 残高81.4厘米,分为两部分,下部鸟高51.4厘米,上部人身残高30厘米,人像穿紧身短裙,上部的人腿粗硕健壮,鸟爪强劲有力的钳住下面的鸟头,鸟的造型极为抽象,大大的眼睛,弯弯的勾喙,从颈部变成蛇、龙等动物的尾巴,估计这件器物的上半身散落在其他的地方而没有埋入坑中。这件器物反映的可能也是一个“人神合体”的形象(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/d83531803bccbb90.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/4636cf521f87f4ca.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/ff49608708f5322d.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/0f63783c6a2c7531.jpg)
六、藏礼于器——青铜尊、罍
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/1cefa375881ea7ff.jpg)
青铜尊
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/11937bea29e842d5.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/c41983cea35ccf9c.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/950b4f0d9facfd0b.jpg)
青铜罍
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/4c5c757a784e292a.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/aa0db04e192bedd6.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/455b26efa6404c06.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/7d3329e4bf7f2e0f.jpg)
七、威严神通——青铜兽首冠人像
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/57ace42c44573995.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/62e74502ca14e47a.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/ff46a969f4657362.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/66c901e75a398d72.jpg)
八、青铜持璋小人像
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/537ad46e5dbab864.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/462234c8dca18877.jpg)
九、金面使者——戴金面罩青铜人头像
金面罩是用金皮捶拓而成,依头像造型,贴在青铜人头像。三星堆二号坑共出土戴金面罩人头像4件,大小形状与普通人头像相当,但由于戴了金面罩,使这几件人头像在数十件人头像中颇显尊贵。金面罩象征的是地位还是代表不同的肤色,学术界尚无定论。早在商代,蜀人就知道以黄金为尊,并将其用于祭祀活动了(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/6ad9a3d73889409b.jpg)
十、青铜人头像
三星堆两坑共出土了50多件人头像,这些人头像面容清瘦,表情凝重,耳朵上有穿孔,估计是用来佩戴耳环的。 人头像后面,有的还有各种辫发。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/43e06580613a650a.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/baa5ab3eb5281d20.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/786f3ca863067988.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/45351aaedef74b4e.jpg)
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![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/063c09db3c910b5f.jpg)
十一、国之重宝——青铜神坛
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/b7577d25b510d6b5.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/a64f83e76082acc9.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/9513dbe7bdf86662.jpg)
下面是模拟的祭祀场景,主体是上方的青铜神坛。神坛原件高53厘米,这是放大6倍的仿制品。神坛分三层,底层是圆座和两头平行站立、一正一反的怪兽,当是古代传说中的神兽;第二层是圆座和四个面朝外站立的人,手中抱握的杖状物上端已残断,估计是龙蛇之类的东西。最上一层是四山相连的山形座和呈方斗形的建筑,顶部四角有立鸟,方斗上方中央铸有人面鸟身像。一般认为神坛上、中、下三层正是古人天、地、人“三界观”最为形象的实物表现(摘自导讲词)。
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/98682f9006bf315d.jpg)
十二、青铜树复制品——按照原型3.5倍复制
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/230e85eba4924460.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/d571c173e3451e89.jpg)
走出第二展馆,馆前的石柱雕刻——
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/afac82de2d83d080.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/0466035a91901b27.jpg)
![](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i18215189/bd314bd04ee0f3b2.jpg)
参观三星堆博物馆的见闻分享完毕,所述内容请以博物馆资料为准。谢谢大家!
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