CompletableFuture 详解

作者: 数齐 | 来源:发表于2017-01-11 16:12 被阅读17418次

    CompletableFuture类实现了CompletionStage和Future接口。Future是Java 5添加的类,用来描述一个异步计算的结果,但是获取一个结果时方法较少,要么通过轮询isDone,确认完成后,调用get()获取值,要么调用get()设置一个超时时间。但是这个get()方法会阻塞住调用线程,这种阻塞的方式显然和我们的异步编程的初衷相违背。
    为了解决这个问题,JDK吸收了guava的设计思想,加入了Future的诸多扩展功能形成了CompletableFuture。

    CompletionStage是一个接口,从命名上看得知是一个完成的阶段,它里面的方法也标明是在某个运行阶段得到了结果之后要做的事情。

    1. 进行变换
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn,Executor executor);
    

    首先说明一下已Async结尾的方法都是可以异步执行的,如果指定了线程池,会在指定的线程池中执行,如果没有指定,默认会在ForkJoinPool.commonPool()中执行,下文中将会有好多类似的,都不详细解释了。关键的入参只有一个Function,它是函数式接口,所以使用Lambda表示起来会更加优雅。它的入参是上一个阶段计算后的结果,返回值是经过转化后结果。
    例如:

        @Test
        public void thenApply() {
            String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "hello").thenApply(s -> s + " world").join();
            System.out.println(result);
        }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    
    1. 进行消耗
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);
    

    thenAccept是针对结果进行消耗,因为他的入参是Consumer,有入参无返回值。
    例如:

    @Test
    public void thenAccept(){    
           CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "hello").thenAccept(s -> System.out.println(s+" world"));
    }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    
    1. 对上一步的计算结果不关心,执行下一个操作。
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenRun(Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action,Executor executor);
    

    thenRun它的入参是一个Runnable的实例,表示当得到上一步的结果时的操作。
    例如:

        @Test
        public void thenRun(){
            CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "hello";
            }).thenRun(() -> System.out.println("hello world"));
            while (true){}
        }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    

    4.结合两个CompletionStage的结果,进行转化后返回

    public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
    public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
    public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn,Executor executor);
    

    它需要原来的处理返回值,并且other代表的CompletionStage也要返回值之后,利用这两个返回值,进行转换后返回指定类型的值。
    例如:

        @Test
        public void thenCombine() {
            String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "hello";
            }).thenCombine(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "world";
            }), (s1, s2) -> s1 + " " + s2).join();
            System.out.println(result);
        }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    
    1. 结合两个CompletionStage的结果,进行消耗
    public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
    public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
    public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action,     Executor executor);
    

    它需要原来的处理返回值,并且other代表的CompletionStage也要返回值之后,利用这两个返回值,进行消耗。
    例如:

        @Test
        public void thenAcceptBoth() {
            CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "hello";
            }).thenAcceptBoth(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "world";
            }), (s1, s2) -> System.out.println(s1 + " " + s2));
            while (true){}
        }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    
    1. 在两个CompletionStage都运行完执行。
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);
    

    不关心这两个CompletionStage的结果,只关心这两个CompletionStage执行完毕,之后在进行操作(Runnable)。
    例如:

        @Test
        public void runAfterBoth(){
            CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "s1";
            }).runAfterBothAsync(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "s2";
            }), () -> System.out.println("hello world"));
            while (true){}
        }
    

    结果为

    hello world
    

    6.两个CompletionStage,谁计算的快,我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的转化操作。

    public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn,Executor executor);
    

    我们现实开发场景中,总会碰到有两种渠道完成同一个事情,所以就可以调用这个方法,找一个最快的结果进行处理。
    例如:

        @Test
        public void applyToEither() {
            String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "s1";
            }).applyToEither(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "hello world";
            }), s -> s).join();
            System.out.println(result);
        }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    
    1. 两个CompletionStage,谁计算的快,我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的消耗操作。
    public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);
    

    例如:

        @Test
        public void acceptEither() {
            CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "s1";
            }).acceptEither(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "hello world";
            }), System.out::println);
            while (true){}
        }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    
    1. 两个CompletionStage,任何一个完成了都会执行下一步的操作(Runnable)。
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
    public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);
    

    例如:

        @Test
        public void runAfterEither() {
            CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "s1";
            }).runAfterEither(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(2000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "s2";
            }), () -> System.out.println("hello world"));
            while (true) {
            }
        }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    
    1. 当运行时出现了异常,可以通过exceptionally进行补偿。
    public CompletionStage<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable, ? extends T> fn);
    

    例如:

        @Test
        public void exceptionally() {
            String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                if (1 == 1) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("测试一下异常情况");
                }
                return "s1";
            }).exceptionally(e -> {
                System.out.println(e.getMessage());
                return "hello world";
            }).join();
            System.out.println(result);
        }
    

    结果为:

    java.lang.RuntimeException: 测试一下异常情况
    hello world
    
    1. 当运行完成时,对结果的记录。这里的完成时有两种情况,一种是正常执行,返回值。另外一种是遇到异常抛出造成程序的中断。这里为什么要说成记录,因为这几个方法都会返回CompletableFuture,当Action执行完毕后它的结果返回原始的CompletableFuture的计算结果或者返回异常。所以不会对结果产生任何的作用。
    public CompletionStage<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action);
    public CompletionStage<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action);
    public CompletionStage<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action,Executor executor);
    

    例如:

        @Test
        public void whenComplete() {
            String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                if (1 == 1) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("测试一下异常情况");
                }
                return "s1";
            }).whenComplete((s, t) -> {
                System.out.println(s);
                System.out.println(t.getMessage());
            }).exceptionally(e -> {
                System.out.println(e.getMessage());
                return "hello world";
            }).join();
            System.out.println(result);
        }
    

    结果为:

    null
    java.lang.RuntimeException: 测试一下异常情况
    java.lang.RuntimeException: 测试一下异常情况
    hello world
    

    这里也可以看出,如果使用了exceptionally,就会对最终的结果产生影响,它没有口子返回如果没有异常时的正确的值,这也就引出下面我们要介绍的handle。

    1. 运行完成时,对结果的处理。这里的完成时有两种情况,一种是正常执行,返回值。另外一种是遇到异常抛出造成程序的中断。
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
    public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn,Executor executor);
    

    例如:
    出现异常时

        @Test
        public void handle() {
            String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                //出现异常
                if (1 == 1) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("测试一下异常情况");
                }
                return "s1";
            }).handle((s, t) -> {
                if (t != null) {
                    return "hello world";
                }
                return s;
            }).join();
            System.out.println(result);
        }
    

    结果为:

    hello world
    

    未出现异常时

        @Test
        public void handle() {
            String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(3000);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                return "s1";
            }).handle((s, t) -> {
                if (t != null) {
                    return "hello world";
                }
                return s;
            }).join();
            System.out.println(result);
        }
    

    结果为:

    s1
    

    上面就是CompletionStage接口中方法的使用实例,CompletableFuture同样也同样实现了Future,所以也同样可以使用get进行阻塞获取值,总的来说,CompletableFuture使用起来还是比较爽的,看起来也比较优雅一点。

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