a. 完成时态构成 have/had/will have done

b. 完成时态的意义

i. 现在完成时 现在回顾过去
ii. 过去完成时态 过去回顾更远的过去
iii. 将来完成时态 未来的时间角度回顾在此之前发生的事件

c. 回顾思维

i. 完成时态的本质就是用来回顾

d. 延续事件

i. 过去的事件延续到现在，一个开始于过去的动作或状态一直延续到现在

1. I have learned English for 8 years
2. I have been a computer engineer for almost 6 years

ii. 延续事件与时间状语的关系。

1. 谓语要表示延续 注意：短暂动词可以用于完成时态，但不能和连续的时间状语连用
2. 要与“延续性时间状语”连用
   a. Since + 时间点或从句
   b. For+时间段
   c. 到目前为止：until now,up until now , up to now, up till now, so far
   d. 在最近几个世纪、几年、几个月以来
   i. In the past few years
   ii. Over the past few years
   iii. During the last three months
   iv. For the last few centuries
   v. Through centuries
   vi. Throughout history
3. 没有延续性时间状语，则表示一个“完成了”的动作

e. 重复事件

i. 过去的事件重复到现在

1. I’ve been in Canada for six months, I’ve met many new friends.
2. I have lived in Beijing for 10 years(两种意思：这10年住北京从没离开过. 二是断断续续的在北京生活了10年)
3. I have lived in Beijing on and off for 10 years
4. I have lived in Beijing every winter for 10 years

ii. 重复事件与事件状语关系

1. 现在完成时具有将来可重复性，一般过去时态不具有将来可重复性
2. 可重复性原则是现在完成时态的一条根本原则
3. 可重复原则与将来的时间有关 现在完成时态可以说是以现在为参照来谈一个可以持续或重复到将来的事件
4. 可重复性与过去事件 ，确定的过去时间状语不能用于现在完成时态
5. 可重复性原则与现在时间，现在时间可以用于现在完成时态或一般过去时态
6. 可重复性原则与一般时间。 （一般时间时指不确定是现在还是过去的时间 例如 in the morning ） 比较少用
   a. I have gotten up at 5 o’clock in the morning
   b. I have gone swimming at 12 at midnight.
7. 可重复性原则与地点表达
   a. In my hometown, I had five jobs（隐含过去时间，不能用现在完成时）
   b. In this city, I have had two jobs.
8. 可重复性原则与去世的人的情况 （如果人已经去世代表过去时间，回顾生前的所作所为不能用现在完成时）

f. 单一事件

i. 何谓对现在有影响 需要结合上下语境

1. David has fallen in love，and that’s why he’s becoming so excited.

ii. 何谓过去事件？ 过去的远近之分

1. Have you asked your little brother to wash the dishes? (你曾经让你弟弟洗过碗么？远。 你有没有让你弟弟把碗洗了？近)

iii. 新闻热点 近的过去

1. 所造成现在的结果往往是直接具体或依然清晰可见的
   a. The car has arrived
2. 具有最新热点新闻的效果
3. 时态搭配： 现在完成时+一般过去时
   a. The president has been assassinated.
   b. Really? What did that happen?
   c. He was killed last night when he spoke in crowd

iv. 过去经历 远的过去

1. 表示过去经历的现在完成时
   a. Have you ever..…
   b. I’ve killed men and I’ve heard them dying

v. 单一事件与时间状语的关系

1. 单一事件完成时的肯定句不与连续的时间状语连用
   a. I have bought this pair of shoes for a year 改 I have had this pair of shoes for a year
2. 单一事件完成时的肯定句表示状态意义，可与持续的时间状语连用
   a. I haven’t bought a pair of shoes for a year
3. 单一事件 完成时常与不确定的时间状语连用
   a. 远的过去 ever
   i. Have you ever been to China?
   b. 较近的过去 yet, already, lately , recently
   i. The car has already arrived
   c. 更近的过去 just
   i. I’ve just had dinner

g. 延续事件，重复事件，单一事件的关系

i. 延续事件和单一事件 单一事件谓语动词是短暂动词，而延续事件则必须带有一个持续的时间状语，否则表示曾经发生过的事情。

1. He has married（近的过去）
2. I have been married for a year （我结婚已经一年了，现在是已婚状态）
3. I have been married (我曾经结过婚)

ii. 延续事件与重复事件（较难区分）

1. I have lived here since 1988/ I have lived here on and off since 1988

iii. 重复事件与单一事件

1. 重复事件与远的过去单一事件 一个远的单一事件相当于一个隐性的重复事件
   a. I have been married
   b. I have been married for three times
2. 重复事件与近的单一事件 近的单一事件时重复事件的一个特例
   a. He has been fired
   b. He has just been fired
   iv. 动作表达的完成时态与状态表达的一般现在时态
3. 英语中，动作表达的完成时态相当于状态表达的一般现在时态。这里的动作往往是短暂动作，指近的过去
   a. His father has died = His father is died
   v. 动作表达的完成时态与状态表达的完成时态
4. 动作表达完成时态强调最近发生的事情，状态表达的完成时态强调较远的过去

h. 完成时态用于最高级

i. 最高级+名词+that 从句+现在完成时谓语

1. This is the hardest job that I’ve ever done

ii. 序数词+名词 +that 从句+现在完成时谓语

1. This is the tenth cup of coffee that I’ve drunk this evening

i. 时间连词since的特殊用法

i. Since+短暂动词

1. I have worker in this company since I left school

ii. Since + 延续动词

1. 从句过去时表从句结束后开始算起
   a. It’s been three years since I worked in this company (我不在这公司工作三年了)
2. 从句完成时表从句开始以来
   a. It’s been three years since I have worked in this company

j. 过去完成时

i. 过去回顾更远的过去

1. 现在完成时参照时间“现在”可以隐含在语境中不说出来
2. 过去完成时态可以说是一个不能独立使用的时态，必须依附于上下文中的一个一般过去时态

ii. 延续事件、重复事件和单一事件的过去完成时

1. 过去完成时表延续事件 过去完成时可以表示开始于过去之前的动作或状态在过去这一时刻仍在延续。
   a. I had learned 1000 words by the end of last year
2. 过去完成时的重复事件
   a. I had proposed to her for five times, but she still refused to marry me.

iii. 过去完成时表示单一事件 开始于过去之前的动作到这一时刻之前即停止

1. Her baby had fallen asleep when she went into the room.

iv. 过去完成时的其他意义和用法

1. 表示非真实的过去 intent, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think, propose, wish 等动词用于过去完成时，可表示未能实现的过去
   a. I had intended to see you, but I was busy.
2. 用于最高级句型 It was the +序数词/最高级 +名词 +that 从句
   a. It was the third time that some had interrupted me that night

v. 过去完成时与一般过去式比较

1. 两个或两个以上相继发生的动作，用and或 but按动作发生的先后顺序连接，此时要用过去时，不用过去完成时
   a. He opened the door and entered, but found nobody.
   b. He served in the army for ten years; then retired and married. His children are now at school.
   c. He had served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married. His children were now at school.

vi. 将来完成时，需要以将来时间为坐标

1. By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer