介词 (prep.)
- 介词属于虚词,不能单独做句子成分,只有转化成介词短语(介词+宾语)才能扮演表语、定语、状语等角色。
- 介词同样没有情景变形,所以从介词短语功能和常用介词成员两个维度展开
- 介词成员分类:
- 表关系
- 表所有关系 :of
- 表包含关系:包括(inclusive of,including)除...外,还有(apart from,besides,in addition to)
- 表排除关系:除了,不包括(but,other than,exclusive of);除....外 (except,except for,apart from)
- 表替代关系:in place of,instead of
- 关于...:about,as for,as to,on,concerning,with regard to,regarding
- 表目的
- 以...为目标:with the aim of 如:with the aim of taking it back,we should hurry
- 以防:in case of 如:all exits must be kept clear in case of fire
- 表原因
- 因为:because of 如:The game was postponed because of rain
- 因为:due to 如:The train had stopped due to a mechanical problem
- 因为:owing to 如:He was out of work owing to a physical injury
- 多亏:thanks to 如:Thanks to that job I became an avid reader
- 由于:by virtue of 如:The article stuck in my mind by virtue of on detail
- 表条件
- 万一:in case of 如:In case of difficultly,just call on me
- 如果有:with 如:With your help,we can do it
- 如果没有:without 如:Without your help,we can't do it
- 要不是:but for 如:But for your help,we can't do it
- 表方式
- A with B:B是A的附属
- 根据:according to=according with
- 凭借:by;by means of 如:The drawing is transferred onto the wood by means of carbon paper
- 用这个方法: in this way
- 按照:in terms of ;in the light of,in accordance with 如:It can not be measured in terms of money
- 凭借...工具 如:by bus;in a car;on foot
- 表让步
- 尽管...;不管...;无论... ;in spite of ,irrespective of ,notwithstanding,regardless of
- 表程度
- 大约:about 如:about half an hour
- 过量:to excess 如:don't drink to excess
- 到...程度:to the extent of 如:the debt to the extent of 1000 dollars
- 极度:to the extreme 如:poor to the extreme
- 时间介词
- 某个时间点
- 某个时间点前:before,by,by the end of ,till,until,to ,prior to 如:by the end of 2020
- 某个时间点中:at 如:at noon
- 某个时间点后:after,since,from 如:since 2020
- 某个时间段
- 某个时间段前:age
- 某个时间段中:among,between,during,for,in,within,from...to... 如:within two days
- 某个时间段后:in 如:in two weeks
- 某个时间点
- 空间介词
- 从'真实空间'与'虚拟空间','静态空间关系','动态空间关系'(介词中有动作成分)四个维度归纳:
- 虚拟空间
- 在...方面:in this aspect,in this respect,in this regard ,in terms of 如:in this regard nothing has changed
- 在这个角度:at this angle
- 从这个角度:from this angle
- 从你的立场:in your shoes
- 静态空间关系:
- 在...上 :on(接触) over(不接触) above(不接触)
- 在...上部: at the top of
- 在...下:beneath(接触) under(不接触静止) below(不接触不静止)
- 在...下部:at the bottom of
- 在...里:in inside at the center of
- 在...外:outside of,outside
- 在...左:in the left of (里) on the left of (接触) to the left of (不接触)
- 在...右:同上
- 在...前:before,in front of (前方) in the front of (前部)
- 在...后:behind(后方) at the back of (后部)
- 在...旁边:next to by/beside
- 在...附近:near/close to
- 在....方向:in the east of (内部东面) on the east of (外部东面,接触) to the east of (不接触)
- 在两者或三者以上之间:between from to among
- 在...周围:around
- 在...对面:opposite
- 动态空间关系
- 到...上:onto upon
- 从...上越过:over
- 离开:off
- 到...里面:into
- 到...外面: out of
- 经过...:past
- 超出:beyond
- 沿着:along
- 通过,穿过:through
- 到...对面:across
- 顺着:for
- 逆着:against
- 朝向:toward,towards
- 虚拟空间
- 从'真实空间'与'虚拟空间','静态空间关系','动态空间关系'(介词中有动作成分)四个维度归纳:
- 表关系
- 介词短语功能:
- 状语:I put a book on the table
- 表语:This book is on the table
- 后置定语:a book on the table
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