上一篇文章的正则，其实对很多人来说用起来是不方便的，加上需要记很多规则，所以用起来不是特别熟练，而这节我们提到的beautifulsoup就是一个非常强大的工具，爬虫利器。
beautifulSoup “美味汤”
一个灵活又方便的网页解析库，处理高效，支持多种解析器。
利用它就不用编写正则表达式也能方便的实现网页信息的抓取
初识BeautufulSoup
我们通过几个简单的小例子，认识一下我们的新朋友
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup#导入库
html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
#这是一段不完整的代码片段
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.prettify())#代码初始化
print(soup.title)#打印出整个title标签
print(soup.title.name)#打印出title标签的名字
print(soup.title.string)#打印出title标签的内容
print(soup.title.parent.name)#打印title标签的完整父辈标签，也就是header标签，注意parent和parents的区别
print(soup.p)#打印出P标签
print(soup.p['class'])#打印出p标签的class属性
print(soup.a)
print(soup.find_all('a'))#打印出所有的a标签
print(soup.find_all("p"))#打印出所有的p标签
print(soup.find(id="link2"))#打印含有id=“link2”的标签
结果如下：
<html>
<head>
<title>
The Dormouse's story
</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="title">
<b>
The Dormouse's story
</b>
</p>
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
Elsie
</a>
,
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">
Lacie
</a>
and
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">
Tillie
</a>
;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
</p>
<p class="story">
...
</p>
</body>
</html>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
title
The Dormouse's story
head
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
['title']
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>
[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
[<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>, <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>, <p class="story">...</p>]
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
以上代码自己敲一遍
使用BeautifulSoup解析这段代码,能够得到一个 BeautifulSoup 的对象,并能按照标准的缩进格式的结构输出。同时我们通过下面代码可以分别获取所有的链接，以及文字内容：
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup#导入库
html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
#这是一段不完整的代码片段
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
for link in soup.find_all('a'):
print(link.get('href'))
print(soup.get_text())
输出如下：
http://example.com/elsie
http://example.com/lacie
http://example.com/tillie
The Dormouse's story
The Dormouse's story
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
Elsie,
Lacie and
Tillie;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
...
解析器
Beautiful Soup支持Python标准库中的HTML解析器,还支持一些第三方的解析器，如果我们不安装它，则 Python 会使用 Python默认的解析器，lxml 解析器更加强大，速度更快，推荐安装，下面是常见解析器：
推荐使用lxml作为解析器,因为效率更高. 在Python2.7.3之前的版本和Python3中3.2.2之前的版本,必须安装lxml或html5lib, 因为那些Python版本的标准库中内置的HTML解析方法不够稳定。
基本使用
标签选择器
在快速使用的过程中，我们可使用如下代码：
print(soup.title)
print(type(soup.title))
print(soup.head)
print(soup.p)
通过这种soup.标签名 我们就可以直接获得这个标签的全部内容
注意：通过这种方式获取标签，如果文档中有多个这样的标签，返回的结果是第一个标签的内容，如上面我们通过soup.p获取p标签，而文档中有多个p标签，但是只返回了第一个p标签内容
获取名称
当我们通过soup.title.name的时候就可以获得该title标签的名称，即title
获取属性
print(soup.p.attrs['name'])
print(soup.p['name'])
上面两种方式都可以获取p标签的name属性值
获取内容
print(soup.p.string)
结果就可以获取第一个p标签的内容为：The Dormouse's story
嵌套选择
我们直接可以通过下面嵌套的方式获取
print(soup.head.title.string)
子节点和子孙节点
contents的使用
通过下面例子演示：
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a>
and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.p.contents)
输出结果：
['\n Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n ', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>, '\n', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, '\n and\n ', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>, '\n and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n ']
输出的是一个列表形式，是将P标签下所有的子标签，以列表的形式存储。
看不清楚，我们尝试调用enumerate函数来枚举一下：
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a>
and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
for i in enumerate(soup.p.contents):
print(i)
输出如下：
(0, '\n Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n ')
(1, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>)
(2, '\n')
(3, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>)
(4, '\n and\n ')
(5, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>)
(6, '\n and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n ')
children的使用
通过下面的方式也可以获取p标签下的所有子节点内容和通过contents获取的结果是一样的，但是不同的地方是soup.p.children是一个迭代对象，而不是列表，只能通过循环的方式获取素有的信息:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="story">
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a>
and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.p.children)
for child in enumerate(soup.p.children):
print(child)
输出如下:
<list_iterator object at 0x000002A4DF7A0588>
(0, '\n Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n ')
(1, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>)
(2, '\n')
(3, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>)
(4, '\n and\n ')
(5, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>)
(6, '\n and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n ')
通过contents以及children都是获取子节点，如果想要获取子孙节点可以通过descendants
print(soup.descendants)同时这种获取的结果也是一个迭代器
父节点和祖先节点
通过soup.a.parent就可以获取父节点的信息
通过list(enumerate(soup.a.parents))可以获取祖先节点，这个方法返回的结果是一个列表，会分别将a标签的父节点的信息存放到列表中，以及父节点的父节点也放到列表中，并且最后还会讲整个文档放到列表中，所有列表的最后一个元素以及倒数第二个元素都是存的整个文档的信息
兄弟节点
soup.a.next_siblings 获取后面的兄弟节点
soup.a.previous_siblings 获取前面的兄弟节点
soup.a.next_sibling 获取下一个兄弟标签
souo.a.previous_sinbling 获取上一个兄弟标签
标准选择器
find_all
find_all(name,attrs,recursive,text,**kwargs)
可以根据标签名，属性，内容查找文档
name的用法
html='''
<div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
<ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.find_all("ul"))
print(type(soup.find_all("ul")[0]))
输出结果：
[<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>, <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>]
<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
同时我们是可以针对结果再次find_all,从而获取所有的li标签信息
html='''
<div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
<ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, "lxml")
print(soup.find_all("ul"))
print(type(soup.find_all("ul")[0]))
for ul in soup.find_all("ul"):
print(ul.find_all('li'))
输出结果：
[<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>, <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>]
<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
attrs
例子如下：
html='''
<div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
<ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all(attrs={'name':'elements'}))
输出如下：
[<ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>]
attrs可以传入字典的方式来查找标签，但是这里有个特殊的就是class,因为class在python中是特殊的字段，所以如果想要查找class相关的可以更改attrs={'class_':'element'}或者soup.find_all('',{"class":"element})，特殊的标签属性可以不写attrs，例如id
text
例子如下：
html='''
<div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
<ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all(text='Foo'))
输出如下：
['Foo', 'Foo']
说实话，真不觉得这个text有什么高明的地方。
find
find(name,attrs,recursive,text,**kwargs)
find返回的匹配结果的第一个元素
其他一些类似的用法：
find_parents()返回所有祖先节点，find_parent()返回直接父节点。
find_next_siblings()返回后面所有兄弟节点，find_next_sibling()返回后面第一个兄弟节点。
find_previous_siblings()返回前面所有兄弟节点，find_previous_sibling()返回前面第一个兄弟节点。
find_all_next()返回节点后所有符合条件的节点, find_next()返回第一个符合条件的节点
find_all_previous()返回节点后所有符合条件的节点, find_previous()返回第一个符合条件的节点
CSS选择器
通过select()直接传入CSS选择器就可以完成选择
熟悉前端的人对CSS可能更加了解，其实用法也是一样的
.表示class #表示id
标签1，标签2 找到所有的标签1和标签2
标签1 标签2 找到标签1内部的所有的标签2
[attr] 可以通过这种方法找到具有某个属性的所有标签
[atrr=value] 例子[target=_blank]表示查找所有target=_blank的标签
html='''
<div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
<ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.select('.panel .panel-heading'))#. 代表class
print(soup.select('ul li'))#ul标签下所有的li标签
print(soup.select('#list-2 .element'))#代表id
print(type(soup.select('ul')[0]))
输出如下：
[<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>, <li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
获取内容
通过get_text()就可以获取文本内容
html='''
<div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
<ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
for li in soup.select('li'):
print(li.get_text())
输出如下：
Foo
Bar
Jay
Foo
Bar
获取属性
或者属性的时候可以通过[属性名]或者attrs[属性名]
html='''
<div class="panel">
<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>
<div class="panel-body">
<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
<ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
for li in soup.select('ul'):
print(li.attrs['id'])
print(li['id'])
输出如下：
list-1
list-1
list-2
list-2
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