现在的人脸识别技术已经得到了非常广泛的应用,支付领域、身份验证、美颜相机里都有它的应用。用iPhone的同学们应该对下面的功能比较熟悉
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<input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1);"></tt-image>
iPhone的照片中有一个“人物”的功能,能够将照片里的人脸识别出来并分类,背后的原理也是人脸识别技术。
这篇文章主要介绍怎样用Python实现人脸检测。人脸检测是人脸识别的基础。人脸检测的目的是识别出照片里的人脸并定位面部特征点,人脸识别是在人脸检测的基础上进一步告诉你这个人是谁。
好了,介绍就到这里。接下来,开始准备我们的环境。
准备工作
本文的人脸检测基于dlib,dlib依赖Boost和cmake,所以首先需要安装这些包,以Ubuntu为例:
<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> sudo apt-get install libgtk-3-dev
pip install numpy
pip install opencv-python
$ pip install dlib
人脸检测基于事先训练好的模型数据,从这里可以下到模型数据
</pre>
http://dlib.net/files/shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat.bz2
下载到本地路径后解压,记下解压后的文件路径,程序中会用到。
dlib的人脸特征点
上面下载的模型数据是用来估计人脸上68个特征点(x, y)的坐标位置,这68个坐标点的位置如下图所示:
<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1553667616563" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"><input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1);"></tt-image>
我们的程序将包含两个步骤:
- 第一步,在照片中检测人脸的区域
- 第二部,在检测到的人脸区域中,进一步检测器官(眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴、下巴、眉毛)
人脸检测代码
我们先来定义几个工具函数:
<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">def rect_to_bb(rect):
x = rect.left()
y = rect.top()
w = rect.right() - x
h = rect.bottom() - y
return (x, y, w, h)
</pre>
这个函数里的rect是dlib脸部区域检测的输出。这里将rect转换成一个序列,序列的内容是矩形区域的边界信息。
def shape_to_np(shape, dtype="int"):
coords = np.zeros((68, 2), dtype=dtype)
for i in range(0, 68):
coords[i] = (shape.part(i).x, shape.part(i).y)
return coords
这个函数里的shape是dlib脸部特征检测的输出,一个shape里包含了前面说到的脸部特征的68个点。这个函数将shape转换成Numpy array,为方便后续处理。
<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">def resize(image, width=1200):
r = width * 1.0 / image.shape[1]
dim = (width, int(image.shape[0] * r))
resized = cv2.resize(image, dim, interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
return resized
</pre>
这个函数里的image就是我们要检测的图片。在人脸检测程序的最后,我们会显示检测的结果图片来验证,这里做resize是为了避免图片过大,超出屏幕范围。
接下来,开始我们的主程序部分
<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">import sys
import numpy as np
import dlib
import cv2
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
sys.exit(1)
image_file = sys.argv[1]
detector = dlib.get_frontal_face_detector()
predictor = dlib.shape_predictor("shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks.dat")
</pre>
我们从sys.argv[1]参数中读取要检测人脸的图片,接下来初始化人脸区域检测的detector和人脸特征检测的predictor。shape_predictor中的参数就是我们之前解压后的文件的路径。
<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">image = cv2.imread(image_file)
image = resize(image, width=1200)
gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
rects = detector(gray, 1)
</pre>
在检测特征区域前,我们先要检测人脸区域。这段代码调用opencv加载图片,resize到合适的大小,转成灰度图,最后用detector检测脸部区域。因为一张照片可能包含多张脸,所以这里得到的是一个包含多张脸的信息的数组rects。
<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">for (i, rect) in enumerate(rects):
shape = predictor(gray, rect)
shape = shape_to_np(shape)
(x, y, w, h) = rect_to_bb(rect)
cv2.rectangle(image, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (0, 255, 0), 2)
cv2.putText(image, "Face #{}".format(i + 1), (x - 10, y - 10),
cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.5, (0, 255, 0), 2)
for (x, y) in shape:
cv2.circle(image, (x, y), 2, (0, 0, 255), -1)
cv2.imshow("Output", image)
cv2.waitKey(0)
</pre>
对于每一张检测到的脸,我们进一步检测脸部的特征(鼻子、眼睛、眉毛等)。对于脸部区域,我们用绿色的框在照片上标出;对于脸部特征,我们用红色的点标出来。
最后我们把加了检测标识的照片显示出来,waitKey(0)表示按任意键可退出程序。
测试
接下来是令人兴奋的时刻,检验我们结果的时刻到来了。
原始图片:
<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1553667616570" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"><input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1);"></tt-image>
程序识别效果图片:
<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1553667616573" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"><input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1);"></tt-image>
可以看到脸部区域被绿色的长方形框起来了,脸上的特征(鼻子,眼睛等)被红色点点标识出来了。
是不是很简单?
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