以太坊私链教程：如何搭建基于PoA的以太坊私链（联盟链）

作者: _黑冰_ | 来源:发表于2018-12-30 00:08 被阅读0次

LOGO镇楼

前言

前面我们介绍了使用geth搭建私链的教程，但经过测试，这个私链由于使用的是PoW共识机制，对内存要求比较高（无法在树莓派上跑起来），并且布署需要以太币做为启动资金。

好在以太坊提供了一种PoA算法，这种算法相比PoW在私链上更具优势，辟如交易更便宜，延迟更低，可控性更强。

下面就几种共识机制一一介绍，最后使用五块树莓派，搭建基于以太坊Clique的PoA私链网络，为下一步探索区块链应用创造条件。而之前的PoW私链则不再继续研究。

共识机制比较

PoW(Proof-of-Work)

众所周知的比特币、以太坊以及其它基于PoW的加密货币，最大的缺陷之一就是会遭遇51%攻击（虽然难度较大），虽然区块链是不可变的，并且记录无法更改，但是攻击者可能会实施其它攻击，如拒绝服务攻击，从而导致应用瘫痪。

另外，PoW的计算消耗了大量的电力资源，以太坊一直致力研究PoW的替代方案，例如PoS，这解决了电力问题，但它更多地针对的是公链。

对于私链，工作证明根本没有意义。

PoS(Proof-of-Stake)

以太坊很快过渡到了PoS算法，此算法解决了公链工作证是且的问题，想要成为矿工的人会将一些以太币存入智能合约中，如果矿工被认为是恶意的，那么这部分以太币将会被锁定。

因为没有竞争来解决难以解决的数学问题，所以不必总是发行新币，矿工将从交易中获得回报。

这种算法确实解决了过度用电的问题，并确实在一定程度上可以防止51%攻击。

对于私链，PoS可能比Pow更好，但它仍然没有为我们提供所需的控制和安全级别，因为如果他们提交了足够的以太币做为押金，那么公链上的任何人都可以成为矿工。

PoA(Proof-of-Authority)

PoA是区块链世界中的一个新概念，在这个概念中，您拥有许多预先批准的授权节点（称为审查者，即通常意义上的矿工）。

您要添加任何新节点，必须由当前已有的审查者投票，这使您可以完全控制哪一些节点可以做为审查者。

以太坊的PoA协议称为Clique，它适用于私链，但不适用于公链。

使用PoA协议搭建私链

现在我们知道了PoA是什么，我们将一步步的搭建一个基于PoA的私链网络，网络中包含4个审查者节点。

安装树莓派系统

安装过程略过，请各位自行搜索网上教程，此处安装的是2018-04-18-raspbian-stretch-lite.img，下面讲一点重要的地方：

1、安装完成后开启root并允许SSH登录：

pi@raspberry:/# sudo passwd root

编辑/etc/ssh/sshd_config文件，添加PermitRootLogin yes行，并使用raspi-config开启ssh服务，重启。

2、各节点通过编辑/etc/hostname修改节点的机器名称

3、各节点通过编辑/etc/dhcpcd.conf设置静态IP地址如下：

192.168.0.10
192.168.0.11
192.168.0.12
192.168.0.13
192.168.0.14

安装环境

apt install golang -y
apt-get install -y build-essential

编译

踩坑1：我们安装的go是1.7版，所以这里要下载1.7的源码

cd /home
mkdir geth
cd geth
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum -b release/1.7 --depth=1

编译：

make all
cp build/bin/ /usr/local/bin/
chmod 777 /usr/local/bin/*

编译过程在其中一台设备上完成（如：192.168.0.10），其它设备通过WinScp上传到/usr/local/bin并执行一遍chmod 777 /usr/local/bin/*

创建签名帐户

在各节点上运行geth --datadir node account new创建帐户

注：要将密码保存到/home/passwd.eth中

节点1：

root@eth01:/home# geth --datadir node account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
Address: {06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1}

节点2：

root@eth02:~# geth --datadir node account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
Address: {f55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531}

节点3：

root@eth03:~# geth --datadir node account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
Address: {761bbd27d783894696b0aaae9b4616dbebb6ed3f}

节点4：

root@eth04:~# geth --datadir node account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
Address: {a17492dcdb51c90c75334cdf0e47be93d82a0ee9}

节点5：

root@eth05:~# geth --datadir node account new
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
Address: {0afe6957dd356288a52c7539d28df964d0de5197}

记住各节点的帐户，后面启动节点时需要用到

06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1
f55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531
761bbd27d783894696b0aaae9b4616dbebb6ed3f
0afe6957dd356288a52c7539d28df964d0de5197
a17492dcdb51c90c75334cdf0e47be93d82a0ee9

使用puppeth创建创世文件

此处要用到上面的帐户代码，注意要记住网络ID

root@eth01:/home# puppeth
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Welcome to puppeth, your Ethereum private network manager |
|                                                           |
| This tool lets you create a new Ethereum network down to  |
| the genesis block, bootnodes, miners and ethstats servers |
| without the hassle that it would normally entail.         |
|                                                           |
| Puppeth uses SSH to dial in to remote servers, and builds |
| its network components out of Docker containers using the |
| docker-compose toolset.                                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Please specify a network name to administer (no spaces, please)
> deling
Sweet, you can set this via --network=deling next time!

INFO [12-29|14:23:03] Administering Ethereum network           name=deling
WARN [12-29|14:23:03] No previous configurations found         path=/root/.puppeth/deling

What would you like to do? (default = stats)
 1. Show network stats
 2. Configure new genesis
 3. Track new remote server
 4. Deploy network components
> 2

Which consensus engine to use? (default = clique)
 1. Ethash - proof-of-work
 2. Clique - proof-of-authority
> 2

How many seconds should blocks take? (default = 15)
> 

Which accounts are allowed to seal? (mandatory at least one)
> 0x06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1
> 0xf55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531
> 0x761bbd27d783894696b0aaae9b4616dbebb6ed3f
> 0x0afe6957dd356288a52c7539d28df964d0de5197
> 0xa17492dcdb51c90c75334cdf0e47be93d82a0ee9
> 0x

Which accounts should be pre-funded? (advisable at least one)
> 0x06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1
> 0xf55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531
> 0x761bbd27d783894696b0aaae9b4616dbebb6ed3f
> 0x0afe6957dd356288a52c7539d28df964d0de5197
> 0xa17492dcdb51c90c75334cdf0e47be93d82a0ee9
> 0x


Specify your chain/network ID if you want an explicit one (default = random)
> 2010

Anything fun to embed into the genesis block? (max 32 bytes)
> 

What would you like to do? (default = stats)
 1. Show network stats
 2. Manage existing genesis
 3. Track new remote server
 4. Deploy network components
> 2

 1. Modify existing fork rules
 2. Export genesis configuration
> 2

Which file to save the genesis into? (default = deling.json)
> 
INFO [12-29|14:27:12] Exported existing genesis block 

What would you like to do? (default = stats)
 1. Show network stats
 2. Manage existing genesis
 3. Track new remote server
 4. Deploy network components
> ^C
root@eth01:/home# ls
deling.json  gobase  node  pi  src

节点初始化

将上面生成的deling.json通过WinScp上传到各节点/home/deling.json，并执行geth --datadir node init deling.json进行初始化

root@eth01:/home# geth --datadir node init deling.json
INFO [12-29|14:30:52] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/node/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [12-29|14:30:52] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [12-29|14:30:52] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                 hash=230c1a…f59c8a
INFO [12-29|14:30:52] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/node/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [12-29|14:30:52] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [12-29|14:30:52] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                 hash=230c1a…f59c8a
root@eth01:/home#

第一次启动节点

本次启动节点是为了获得节点的enodeid，因为节点之间还没有建立连接，所以会显示Signed recently, must wait for others并卡在这里

坑2：直接启动节点时会报错Failed to unlock account xxx (no key for given address or file)

root@eth02:/home# geth --datadir node --maxpeers 3 --networkid '2010' --nodiscover --port '30300' --unlock 'f55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=f55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531 --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8500' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3'
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-arm/go1.7.4
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/node/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 2010 Homestead: 1 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: 2 EIP155: 3 EIP158: 3 Byzantium: 4 Engine: clique}"
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=2010
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=230c1a…f59c8a td=1
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=230c1a…f59c8a td=1
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=230c1a…f59c8a td=1
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Loaded local transaction journal         transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Starting P2P networking 
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] RLPx listener up                         self="enode://24b2d4fd3672360121587e4677339ddc7af9dea9ee0d68c41f3758648bed3dc20372d2233d97f9b1c3ea52ffc6e9d26ba0aa1849b210235272961f4909de4968@[::]:30300?discport=0"
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] Mapped network port                      proto=tcp extport=30300 intport=30300 interface=NAT-PMP(192.168.0.1)
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] IPC endpoint opened: /home/node/geth.ipc 
INFO [12-29|14:45:48] HTTP endpoint opened: http://0.0.0.0:8500 
Fatal: Failed to unlock account f55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531 (no key for given address or file)

此时需要将生成的key复制到datadir中的keystore，例如：

cp /root/node/keystore/UTC--2018-12-29T14-17-09.954994382Z--f55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531 /home/node/keystore/

分别在每台机运行

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --networkid '2010' --nodiscover --port '30300' --unlock '06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --networkid '2010' --nodiscover --port '30301' --unlock 'f55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=f55b442c40632602ce5b8270102294c57f2b2531 --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8501' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3'

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --networkid '2010' --nodiscover --port '30302' --unlock '761bbd27d783894696b0aaae9b4616dbebb6ed3f' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=761bbd27d783894696b0aaae9b4616dbebb6ed3f --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8502' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3'

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --networkid '2010' --nodiscover --port '30303' --unlock 'a17492dcdb51c90c75334cdf0e47be93d82a0ee9' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=a17492dcdb51c90c75334cdf0e47be93d82a0ee9 --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8503' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3'

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --networkid '2010' --nodiscover --port '30304' --unlock '0afe6957dd356288a52c7539d28df964d0de5197' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=0afe6957dd356288a52c7539d28df964d0de5197 --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8504' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3'

分别记录下各节点的地址，编辑为static-nodes.json文件，上传到各节点node目录下

[
"enode://e0b52df7c8f6cbd214fba602225c5fb0f9a0f523f83fcd0882e3fd08eb4116283abd85e6c91771e24e0918ec92392c88a3b24e48b57cb1d9f9aa2f26b1e47f93@192.168.0.10:30300?discport=0",
"enode://24b2d4fd3672360121587e4677339ddc7af9dea9ee0d68c41f3758648bed3dc20372d2233d97f9b1c3ea52ffc6e9d26ba0aa1849b210235272961f4909de4968@192.168.0.11:30300?discport=0",
"enode://f125d29453f2a2736eea614ff548c14c1e3e28b115dac8b212ae31c0f2d5ed6e9e03554c0482141ad81bf8e26c7ba171bf9f5de9f015dc4d4d055c19a6b8fd19@192.168.0.12:30300?discport=0",
"enode://b8f12b7a4f6a3be313df9f9871c9c42cf3d53b17c0d37726db065938db4c2f2c946485f3683dbd5cf450035b8f791540d770efa1d327e8e3f124f359530d42d4@192.168.0.13:30300?discport=0",
"enode://916ec46aa2e9dd308351e70eba7228cc0b534b88f05dceed7679a70124d5035a5f66024a5f74c00778dc7fe4fb563f838b290f1a70a31bf187fa0d2ac3b1a9d1@192.168.0.14:30300?discport=0"
]

重新启动节点，会发现节点间开始通信，出块。

INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-arm/go1.7.4
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/node/geth/chaindata cache=128 handles=1024
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 2010 Homestead: 1 DAO: <nil> DAOSupport: false EIP150: 2 EIP155: 3 EIP158: 3 Byzantium: 4 Engine: clique}"
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=2010
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Loaded most recent local header          number=1 hash=ef6d21…25d952 td=2
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Loaded most recent local full block      number=1 hash=ef6d21…25d952 td=2
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=1 hash=ef6d21…25d952 td=2
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Loaded local transaction journal         transactions=0 dropped=0
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
WARN [12-29|15:28:59] Blockchain not empty, fast sync disabled 
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Starting P2P networking 
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] RLPx listener up                         self="enode://e0b52df7c8f6cbd214fba602225c5fb0f9a0f523f83fcd0882e3fd08eb4116283abd85e6c91771e24e0918ec92392c88a3b24e48b57cb1d9f9aa2f26b1e47f93@[::]:30300?discport=0"
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] Mapped network port                      proto=tcp extport=30300 intport=30300 interface=NAT-PMP(192.168.0.1)
INFO [12-29|15:28:59] IPC endpoint opened: /home/node/geth.ipc 
INFO [12-29|15:29:19] Block synchronisation started 
INFO [12-29|15:29:19] Imported new chain segment               blocks=1 txs=0 mgas=0.000 elapsed=6.237ms mgasps=0.000 number=1 hash=4e2d79…f4f054
INFO [12-29|15:29:19] Imported new chain segment               blocks=1 txs=0 mgas=0.000 elapsed=2.327ms mgasps=0.000 number=2 hash=98f195…a3e219
INFO [12-29|15:29:20] Unlocked account                         address=0x06de0c4d8C40Fb1cBb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1
INFO [12-29|15:29:20] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=18000000000
INFO [12-29|15:29:20] Starting mining operation 
INFO [12-29|15:29:20] Commit new mining work                   number=3 txs=0 uncles=1 elapsed=1.695ms
INFO [12-29|15:29:34] Imported new chain segment               blocks=1 txs=0 mgas=0.000 elapsed=8.598ms mgasps=0.000 number=3 hash=d10035…f300c1
INFO [12-29|15:29:34] Commit new mining work                   number=4 txs=0 uncles=1 elapsed=3.577ms
INFO [12-29|15:29:34] Imported new chain segment               blocks=1 txs=0 mgas=0.000 elapsed=3.253ms mgasps=0.000 number=3 hash=05a957…b65e7d
INFO [12-29|15:29:49] Successfully sealed new block            number=4 hash=4f535d…ade019
INFO [12-29|15:29:49] 🔨 mined potential block                  number=4 hash=4f535d…ade019
INFO [12-29|15:29:49] Commit new mining work                   number=5 txs=0 uncles=2 elapsed=8.495ms

我们另外开一个ssh client，连上一个节点geth attach ipc://home/node/geth.ipc，可以查询到连接的节点，并发现区块在不断的增加

root@eth01:/home# geth attach ipc://home/node/geth.ipc
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-arm/go1.7.4
coinbase: 0x06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1
at block: 74 (Sat, 29 Dec 2018 15:47:19 UTC)
 datadir: /home/node
 modules: admin:1.0 clique:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

> admin.peers
[{
    caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63"],
    id: "24b2d4fd3672360121587e4677339ddc7af9dea9ee0d68c41f3758648bed3dc20372d2233d97f9b1c3ea52ffc6e9d26ba0aa1849b210235272961f4909de4968",
    name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-arm/go1.7.4",
    network: {
      localAddress: "192.168.0.10:30300",
      remoteAddress: "192.168.0.11:46206"
    },
    protocols: {
      eth: {
        difficulty: 105,
        head: "0x444b8cac7e3c8d6dc5788ff59f9be1d8e3b245ce8cb104a06329080e341c74af",
        version: 63
      }
    }
}, {
    caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63"],
    id: "916ec46aa2e9dd308351e70eba7228cc0b534b88f05dceed7679a70124d5035a5f66024a5f74c00778dc7fe4fb563f838b290f1a70a31bf187fa0d2ac3b1a9d1",
    name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-arm/go1.7.4",
    network: {
      localAddress: "192.168.0.10:30300",
      remoteAddress: "192.168.0.14:57558"
    },
    protocols: {
      eth: {
        difficulty: 103,
        head: "0xf0826a47fbb00d6323559b4bdcfee245653715c76b1b9c18f042c55d2eb9a054",
        version: 63
      }
    }
}, {
    caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63"],
    id: "b8f12b7a4f6a3be313df9f9871c9c42cf3d53b17c0d37726db065938db4c2f2c946485f3683dbd5cf450035b8f791540d770efa1d327e8e3f124f359530d42d4",
    name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-arm/go1.7.4",
    network: {
      localAddress: "192.168.0.10:30300",
      remoteAddress: "192.168.0.13:39058"
    },
    protocols: {
      eth: {
        difficulty: 102,
        head: "0x22c2f963248e5591ad41c389e34ecb4807ab68758becf3cd9d1611665cddcb9e",
        version: 63
      }
    }
}, {
    caps: ["eth/62", "eth/63"],
    id: "f125d29453f2a2736eea614ff548c14c1e3e28b115dac8b212ae31c0f2d5ed6e9e03554c0482141ad81bf8e26c7ba171bf9f5de9f015dc4d4d055c19a6b8fd19",
    name: "Geth/v1.7.3-stable-4bb3c89d/linux-arm/go1.7.4",
    network: {
      localAddress: "192.168.0.10:30300",
      remoteAddress: "192.168.0.12:60764"
    },
    protocols: {
      eth: {
        difficulty: 104,
        head: "0x58077849fc0ff8b96f0c519a3671f11f6abd62cfbbf34e2994f5771a912603c2",
        version: 63
      }
    }
}]
> personal.listWallets
[{
    accounts: [{
        address: "0x06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1",
        url: "keystore:///home/node/keystore/UTC--2018-12-29T14-07-22.077051229Z--06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1"
    }],
    status: "Unlocked",
    url: "keystore:///home/node/keystore/UTC--2018-12-29T14-07-22.077051229Z--06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1"
}]
> eth.blockNumber
74
> net.peerCount
4
> net.version
"2010"
> eth.coinbase
"0x06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1"
> personal.listAccounts
["0x06de0c4d8c40fb1cbb86e0b00401d395828ae4f1"]
>

以上，我们从技术上搭建了一个联盟链，后续我们将去探索如何解决应用层的问题：

如何实现便捷的管理
节点加入、退出要如何处理
如何在App场景中产生交易

大合照收尾

控制台合照

五层架构

引用

Rolling your own Proof-of-Authority Ethereum consortium

Setup your own private Proof-of-Authority Ethereum network with Geth

Proof-of-authority

geth基于PoA共识机制构建联盟链

Clique PoA consensus 建立Private chain

搭建以太坊联盟链教程

续 CentOS 7上安装过程

hostnamectl set-hostname ethhost01
cd /home
wget https://studygolang.com/dl/golang/go1.13.4.linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.13.4.linux-amd64.tar.gz
mkdir -p /home/gocode

编辑环境变量

vim /etc/profile

在最后加入

export GOROOT=/usr/local/go
export GOPATH=/home/gocode
export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin:$GOPATH/bin

source /etc/profile

yum install gcc -y
yum install git -y

mkdir /home/geth
cd /home/geth
git clone https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum -b release/1.9 --depth=1

cd go-ethereum/
make all
cp build/bin/* /usr/local/bin/
chmod 777 /usr/local/bin/*

节点1：

geth --datadir node account new

[root@ethhost01 home]# geth --datadir node account new
INFO [11-07|10:34:37.747] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [11-07|10:34:37.748] Smartcard socket not found, disabling    err="stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory"
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Password: 
Repeat password: 

Your new key was generated

Public address of the key:   0x313826d6d8867fb31A6c1331F430A8D060eAA0aa
Path of the secret key file: node/keystore/UTC--2019-11-07T15-34-44.517449810Z--313826d6d8867fb31a6c1331f430a8d060eaa0aa

- You can share your public address with anyone. Others need it to interact with you.
- You must NEVER share the secret key with anyone! The key controls access to your funds!
- You must BACKUP your key file! Without the key, it's impossible to access account funds!
- You must REMEMBER your password! Without the password, it's impossible to decrypt the key!

节点2：

[root@ethhost02 home]# geth --datadir node account new
INFO [11-07|10:35:33.061] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [11-07|10:35:33.061] Smartcard socket not found, disabling    err="stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory"
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Password: 
Repeat password: 

Your new key was generated

Public address of the key:   0x8Cf96Ef1000dbC9F002502968fC3ed5a1C745bbA
Path of the secret key file: node/keystore/UTC--2019-11-07T15-35-43.435663437Z--8cf96ef1000dbc9f002502968fc3ed5a1c745bba

- You can share your public address with anyone. Others need it to interact with you.
- You must NEVER share the secret key with anyone! The key controls access to your funds!
- You must BACKUP your key file! Without the key, it's impossible to access account funds!
- You must REMEMBER your password! Without the password, it's impossible to decrypt the key!

节点3：

[root@ethhost03 home]# geth --datadir node account new
INFO [11-07|10:35:37.508] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [11-07|10:35:37.508] Smartcard socket not found, disabling    err="stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory"
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Password: 
Repeat password: 

Your new key was generated

Public address of the key:   0x91a68cb7093A9c28EDe3EbBE562ddFb82c930962
Path of the secret key file: node/keystore/UTC--2019-11-07T15-35-50.382471417Z--91a68cb7093a9c28ede3ebbe562ddfb82c930962

- You can share your public address with anyone. Others need it to interact with you.
- You must NEVER share the secret key with anyone! The key controls access to your funds!
- You must BACKUP your key file! Without the key, it's impossible to access account funds!
- You must REMEMBER your password! Without the password, it's impossible to decrypt the key!

节点4：

[root@ethhost04 home]# geth --datadir node account new
INFO [11-07|10:35:32.377] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [11-07|10:35:32.377] Smartcard socket not found, disabling    err="stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory"
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Password: 
Repeat password: 

Your new key was generated

Public address of the key:   0x69B6c2d05ff0a0AD93c02c567A9C2E38F3c06946
Path of the secret key file: node/keystore/UTC--2019-11-07T15-36-03.765940295Z--69b6c2d05ff0a0ad93c02c567a9c2e38f3c06946

- You can share your public address with anyone. Others need it to interact with you.
- You must NEVER share the secret key with anyone! The key controls access to your funds!
- You must BACKUP your key file! Without the key, it's impossible to access account funds!
- You must REMEMBER your password! Without the password, it's impossible to decrypt the key!

节点5：

[root@ethhost05 home]# geth --datadir node account new
INFO [11-07|10:35:35.154] Maximum peer count                       ETH=50 LES=0 total=50
INFO [11-07|10:35:35.154] Smartcard socket not found, disabling    err="stat /run/pcscd/pcscd.comm: no such file or directory"
Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password.
Password: 
Repeat password: 

Your new key was generated

Public address of the key:   0xea5888309a5ED43315ae3F9f83cC87408fc0FC4d
Path of the secret key file: node/keystore/UTC--2019-11-07T15-35-57.139160031Z--ea5888309a5ed43315ae3f9f83cc87408fc0fc4d

- You can share your public address with anyone. Others need it to interact with you.
- You must NEVER share the secret key with anyone! The key controls access to your funds!
- You must BACKUP your key file! Without the key, it's impossible to access account funds!
- You must REMEMBER your password! Without the password, it's impossible to decrypt the key!

创世

[root@ethhost01 home]# puppeth
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| Welcome to puppeth, your Ethereum private network manager |
|                                                           |
| This tool lets you create a new Ethereum network down to  |
| the genesis block, bootnodes, miners and ethstats servers |
| without the hassle that it would normally entail.         |
|                                                           |
| Puppeth uses SSH to dial in to remote servers, and builds |
| its network components out of Docker containers using the |
| docker-compose toolset.                                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Please specify a network name to administer (no spaces, hyphens or capital letters please)
> deling

Sweet, you can set this via --network=deling next time!

INFO [11-07|10:39:19.501] Administering Ethereum network           name=deling
INFO [11-07|10:39:19.501] No remote machines to gather stats from 

What would you like to do? (default = stats)
 1. Show network stats
 2. Configure new genesis
 3. Track new remote server
 4. Deploy network components
> 2

What would you like to do? (default = create)
 1. Create new genesis from scratch
 2. Import already existing genesis
> 1

Which consensus engine to use? (default = clique)
 1. Ethash - proof-of-work
 2. Clique - proof-of-authority
> 2

How many seconds should blocks take? (default = 15)
> 

Which accounts are allowed to seal? (mandatory at least one)
> 0x313826d6d8867fb31A6c1331F430A8D060eAA0aa
> 0x8Cf96Ef1000dbC9F002502968fC3ed5a1C745bbA
> 0x91a68cb7093A9c28EDe3EbBE562ddFb82c930962
> 0x69B6c2d05ff0a0AD93c02c567A9C2E38F3c06946
> 0xea5888309a5ED43315ae3F9f83cC87408fc0FC4d
> 0x

Which accounts should be pre-funded? (advisable at least one)
> 0x313826d6d8867fb31A6c1331F430A8D060eAA0aa
> 0x8Cf96Ef1000dbC9F002502968fC3ed5a1C745bbA
> 0x91a68cb7093A9c28EDe3EbBE562ddFb82c930962
> 0x69B6c2d05ff0a0AD93c02c567A9C2E38F3c06946
> 0xea5888309a5ED43315ae3F9f83cC87408fc0FC4d
> 0x

Should the precompile-addresses (0x1 .. 0xff) be pre-funded with 1 wei? (advisable yes)
> yes

Specify your chain/network ID if you want an explicit one (default = random)
> 2010
INFO [11-07|10:40:31.231] Configured new genesis block 

What would you like to do? (default = stats)
 1. Show network stats
 2. Manage existing genesis
 3. Track new remote server
 4. Deploy network components
> 2

 1. Modify existing configurations
 2. Export genesis configurations
 3. Remove genesis configuration
> 2

Which folder to save the genesis specs into? (default = current)
  Will create deling.json, deling-aleth.json, deling-harmony.json, deling-parity.json
> 
INFO [11-07|10:40:41.201] Saved native genesis chain spec          path=deling.json
ERROR[11-07|10:40:41.201] Failed to create Aleth chain spec        err="unsupported consensus engine"
ERROR[11-07|10:40:41.201] Failed to create Parity chain spec       err="unsupported consensus engine"
INFO [11-07|10:40:41.203] Saved genesis chain spec                 client=harmony path=deling-harmony.json

What would you like to do? (default = stats)
 1. Show network stats
 2. Manage existing genesis
 3. Track new remote server
 4. Deploy network components
> ^C

关闭各节点防火墙

systemctl stop firewalld

分别运行各节点

geth --datadir node init deling.json

然后运行各节点

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --nodiscover --port '30300' --unlock 'AbDe0e36ace0e1293B3c709Cb16F22D22237Bb46' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=AbDe0e36ace0e1293B3c709Cb16F22D22237Bb46

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --nodiscover --port '30301' --unlock 'B32E18A6d0aa7CeAaFBC2528cEDcA69EA833E107' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=B32E18A6d0aa7CeAaFBC2528cEDcA69EA833E107 --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8501' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3' --allow-insecure-unlock

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --nodiscover --port '30302' --unlock 'FB6c8c48ca08fab6B275E7BC7397505Cb2E8981e' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=FB6c8c48ca08fab6B275E7BC7397505Cb2E8981e --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8502' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3' --allow-insecure-unlock

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --nodiscover --port '30303' --unlock 'F4E1A6F97Ee80D69c5975711882E3BE0644d9F46' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=F4E1A6F97Ee80D69c5975711882E3BE0644d9F46 --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8503' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3' --allow-insecure-unlock

geth --datadir /home/node --maxpeers 5 --nodiscover --port '30304' --unlock '406ADA2FAb991A46313E4aBfef72E42214fc4E8E' --password '/home/passwd.eth' --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=406ADA2FAb991A46313E4aBfef72E42214fc4E8E --rpc --rpcaddr '0.0.0.0' --rpcport '8504' --rpccorsdomain '*' --rpcapi 'personal,eth,net,web3' --allow-insecure-unlock

采集各节点的enode信息，编制下面的文件，并上传到各节点/home/node文件夹下，重启节点，开始运作出块。

static-nodes.json

[
"enode://2fa6d255b0f09d24c2e37b015aa38f3c3f2a38e7c63f3a4ec1ac175484c33b768c5a9ff7c03701949d83ef5b7f21635be6395bfb2afb3bb8a9741b4f8c0238cc@113.119.62.243:30300?discport=0",
"enode://64f757aecce9510faa188481286bebd9345dd93714c34062da620f2c484b2ea6bdcef3a9df2caf1ce03a29fc06b268ed7f0b3c33cdbf2097e351eb9226133483@127.0.0.1:30301?discport=0",
"enode://2580f18af999d1a970ed18fb3f2458ad1d13067b5d95cc18e0cea3f31e1a255f4959ec834ab83687601d1450088f28092554eae47a7194af6bc393798ca9ed8d@127.0.0.1:30302?discport=0",
"enode://4960729e58d498c87ceb770a0ac4edb59d10b236dc109d08b3878b59884d57e177b85f9210af56fde97b95546051f074bd7f269d85719064acc017cd6a02d46c@127.0.0.1:30303?discport=0",
"enode://7557b2cb5f48d1a7d4cd442506acc59a37f0bcdbc9f608ad232c4c6a58947ba91d0c3dc785e6c76e918a7da39ff29e0ed38c9e4c433ac4dc05d3f01bd8159cbb@127.0.0.1:30304?discport=0"
]

钱包连接，创建快捷方式，连接节点

"C:\Program Files\Ethereum-Wallet\Ethereum Wallet.exe" --rpc http://192.168.10.42:8501

以太坊私链教程：如何搭建基于PoA的以太坊私链（联盟链）

前言

共识机制比较

PoW(Proof-of-Work)

PoS(Proof-of-Stake)

PoA(Proof-of-Authority)

使用PoA协议搭建私链

安装树莓派系统

安装环境

编译

创建签名帐户

使用puppeth创建创世文件

节点初始化

第一次启动节点

引用

续 CentOS 7上安装过程

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