多进程
- fork
Unix/Linux操作系统提供了一个fork()系统调用,它非常特殊。普通的函数调用,调用一次,返回一次,但是fork()调用一次,返回两次,因为操作系统自动把当前进程(称为父进程)复制了一份(称为子进程),然后,分别在父进程和子进程内返回。
import os
print('Process (%s) start...' % os.getpid()) #getpid()当前进程
# Only works on Unix/Linux/Mac:
pid = os.fork()
if pid == 0: #子进程返回0
print('I am child process (%s) and my parent is %s.' % (os.getpid(), os.getppid())) #getppid当前进程父进程
else: #父进程返回子进程的ID
print('I (%s) just created a child process (%s).' % (os.getpid(), pid))
子进程永远返回0,而父进程返回子进程的ID。这样做的理由是,一个父进程可以fork出很多子进程,所以,父进程要记下每个子进程的ID,而子进程只需要调用getppid()就可以拿到父进程的ID。
Process (876) start...
I (876) just created a child process (877).
I am child process (877) and my parent is 876.
- multiprocessing
由于Python是跨平台的,自然也应该提供一个跨平台的多进程支持。multiprocessing模块就是跨平台版本的多进程模块。
下面的例子演示了启动一个子进程并等待其结束:
from multiprocessing import Process
import os
# 子进程要执行的代码
def run_proc(name):
print('Run child process %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))
if __name__=='__main__':
print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())
p = Process(target=run_proc, args=('test',))
print('Child process will start.')
p.start()
p.join() #join()方法可以等待子进程结束后再继续往下运行,通常用于进程间的同步。
print('Child process end.')
Parent process 928.
Process will start.
Run child process test (929)...
Process end.
- Bool
如果要启动大量的子进程,可以用进程池的方式批量创建子进程
from multiprocessing import Pool
import os, time, random
def long_time_task(name):
print('Run task %s (%s)...' % (name, os.getpid()))
start = time.time()
time.sleep(random.random() * 3)
end = time.time()
print('Task %s runs %0.2f seconds.' % (name, (end - start)))
if __name__=='__main__':
print('Parent process %s.' % os.getpid())
p = Pool(4)
for i in range(5):
p.apply_async(long_time_task, args=(i,))
print('Waiting for all subprocesses done...')
p.close()
p.join()
print('All subprocesses done.')
Parent process 669.
Waiting for all subprocesses done...
Run task 0 (671)...
Run task 1 (672)...
Run task 2 (673)...
Run task 3 (674)...
Task 2 runs 0.14 seconds.
Run task 4 (673)...
Task 1 runs 0.27 seconds.
Task 3 runs 0.86 seconds.
Task 0 runs 1.41 seconds.
Task 4 runs 1.91 seconds.
对Pool对象调用join()方法会等待所有子进程执行完毕,调用join()之前必须先调用close(),调用close()之后就不能继续添加新的Process了。
- 进程间通信
from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
import os, time, random
# 写数据进程执行的代码:
def write(q):
print('Process to write: %s' % os.getpid())
for value in ['A', 'B', 'C']:
print('Put %s to queue...' % value)
q.put(value)
time.sleep(random.random())
# 读数据进程执行的代码:
def read(q):
print('Process to read: %s' % os.getpid())
while True:
value = q.get(True)
print('Get %s from queue.' % value)
if __name__=='__main__':
# 父进程创建Queue,并传给各个子进程:
q = Queue()
pw = Process(target=write, args=(q,))
pr = Process(target=read, args=(q,))
# 启动子进程pw,写入:
pw.start()
# 启动子进程pr,读取:
pr.start()
# 等待pw结束:
pw.join()
# pr进程里是死循环,无法等待其结束,只能强行终止:
pr.terminate()
Process to write: 50563
Put A to queue...
Process to read: 50564
Get A from queue.
Put B to queue...
Get B from queue.
Put C to queue...
Get C from queue.
线程
大多数情况下使用threading模块,启动一个线程就是把一个函数传入并创建Thread实例,然后调用start()开始执行:
import time, threading
# 新线程执行的代码:
def loop():
print('thread %s is running...' % threading.current_thread().name)
n = 0
while n < 5:
n = n + 1
print('thread %s >>> %s' % (threading.current_thread().name, n))
time.sleep(1)
print('thread %s ended.' % threading.current_thread().name)
print('thread %s is running...' % threading.current_thread().name)
t = threading.Thread(target=loop, name='LoopThread')
t.start()
t.join()
print('thread %s ended.' % threading.current_thread().name)
由于任何进程默认就会启动一个线程,我们把该线程称为主线程,主线程又可以启动新的线程,Python的threading模块有个current_thread()函数,它永远返回当前线程的实例。
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