2017年8月15日

知识和技能

作者在讲述美国空军的王牌训练计划时，强调了这个计划的实践性，the emphasis on doing .底线是你能做，而不是你知道什么。其实这一点极其强调“做”的理念和我们传统意义上所认为的学习之路径是有很大不同的。

一般来说我们所理解的学习基本上是指知识的学习，尽管学习的终极目标则是能够去做某种事情，传统的方法一直是先找出关于正确方法的信息，然后很大程度上让学生去运用那些知识。刻意练习则完全相反，它只集中于结果表现，以及怎样提高结果和表现。

Deliberate practice , by contrast, focuses solely on performance and how to improve it.

知识固然重要，但是在传统教育模式和众多专业领域内，我们有着一种太不重视技能，过于重视知识的趋势。作者大量篇幅以医学领域为例，未来的医生从医学院毕业时，已经花了15年的时间接受教育，但几乎所有那些教育全都聚焦于提供知识，几乎没有或者完全没有直接运用他们行医之后必备的技能。只有当接触临床诊治，也就在这个时候，他们才终于开始提升自己的医学技能。大量研究表明，一般人们所认为的那些行医时间长，经验丰富的医生或护理人员其实并没有比那些新近医生水平更高，有些反而更差。这就像打网球，我们想当然的认为只要“打”下下去，我的技能一定会提高的，但是现实却是有时候水平连维持都不太可能。其实问题就出现在我们后续技能的练习方式上出现了问题。

其实从刻意练习的角度看，问题显而易见，不论医生的后续技能培养采取了参加讲座、小型培训课以及什么类似的活动，都没有给医生提供一个及时，足够的反馈。医生们几乎没有或者完全没有机会去尝试新的治疗和诊断方法、犯错、纠正错误，并逐渐发展新的技能。其实这种强调知识的传授而忽视技能的练习的倾向不仅仅是在医学界。人们一般认为，如果掌握了知识，也就能相对容易地熟练掌握技能，只要简单地积累更多的经验，就能提高技能水平。

其实最深邃的真理往往存在于显而易见的道理之中，“See one ,do one, teach one.”“看一场，做一场，教一场。”这原本是医学界关于外科手术的说法，意思就是为了能够做一场新的手术，接受训练的外科医生需要看熟练的医师做一场，然后自己思考怎样在病人身上手术。你看其实意思很直白，知识的习得不是只是被动接受那么简单，而是看一遍，做一遍，教一遍。

See one看一遍 学习知识的过程，

do one做一遍 刻意练习的过程

teach one教一遍有效反馈的过程。

看一遍，做一遍，教一遍真的可以说是知识和技能关系的终极体现。

单词部分

1.interns and residents实习住院医生和住院医生

2.full-fledged  adj.(of a bird) having reached full development with fully grown adult plumage; ready to fly羽毛生齐的;

As soon as the rain stops , a young sparrow, almost full fledged, comes to the courtyard.

2.(of persons e.g.) having gained full status;经过充分训练的，成熟的;

they go to work as full-fledged physicians with the assumption that they've developed all the sills they nee to treat patients effectively.

After one's internship one becomes a full fledged physician

3.fare v.进展;进行 If you say that someone or something fares well or badly, you are referring to the degree of success they achieve in a particular situation or activity.

[单独使用的动词] ~ well, badly, better, etc. to be successful/unsuccessful in a particular situation 成功（或不成功、更好等）

get on,proceed or get along;

...it was likely the order doctor's patients fared worse because of it.

The party fared very badly in the last election.

4.to the credit of 

But to the credit of the medical profession,I have found doctors to be exceptionally willing to look for shortcomongs in their fields and search for ways to correct them.

What he does redounds to the credit of our motherland.

5.hands-on  adj.（经历或工作）亲身实践的，实际操作的 Hands-on experience or work involves actually doing a particular thing, rather than just talking about it or getting someone else to do it.

role-play, discussion groups, case solving, hands-on training, and the like .

This hands-on management approach often stretches his workday from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.

6.halve  v.1把…减半;减到一半 When you halve something or when it halves, it is reduced to half its previous size or amount.

If training programs could be developed that halved the time a surgeon needs to reach expert status, it could make a major difference to patients.

Dr  believes that men who exercise can halve their risk of cancer of the colon...

2.(VERB) 将…对半分;把…二等分 If you halve something, you divide it into two equal parts.

Halve the pineapple and scoop out the inside.