backbone是一个名词，基本意思为“脊柱、脊骨”，又可译为“中坚力量、支柱”（比如支柱产业中的“支柱”）和“勇气/胆量”，今天学习其作为“胆量”的含义，不可数名词，可以替代“courage”，英英释义：courage and determination
例句：
① 我们经常说某某人“怂”，喜欢一个姑娘却不敢去追，就可以说：
He has a crush on Sarah, but doesn't have the backbone to ask her out.（“have a crush on somebody”是固定表达，意思是迷恋某人。）
② 有人说最近的重庆公交车事故之所以发生，是因为十几个乘客中没有人敢果断、及时阻止一名中年女性袭击司机。我们如果想用英文表达这个观点，就可以说：
Nobody on the Chongqing bus had the backbone to intervene and prevent the middle-aged woman from assaulting the driver. If somebody did, the story would have turned out very differently.
③ 2014 年美国波士顿学院前棒球选手发起了风扉全球的的 ALS 冰桶挑战（Ice Bucket Challenge），要求参与者在网络上发布自己被冰水浇遍全身的视频，然后该参与者便可以要求其他人来参与这一活动。活动规定，被邀请者要么在 24 小时内接受挑战，要么就选择为对抗“肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症”捐出 100 美元。
如果你有朋友接受了这项挑战，就可以说：
He has enough backbone to take up the Ice Bucket Challenge.
（1）翻译
他没有胆量，在最后一刻放弃了奖学金申请。
He didn't have the backbone and gave up the scholarship application at the last minute.
Lacking the backbone, he gave up the scholarship application at the last minute.
He gave up the scholarship application at the last moment because of lacking the backbone.
（2）场景：最后他终于有勇气去挑战新行业新工作了
造句：At last, he had enough backbone to take up new work of the new industry.
场景：他拒绝在其价值观上妥协让步，展现了他的一些胆量
造句：He showed some backbone by refusing to compromise his values.
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