title: "Vignette Title"
author: "Vignette Author"
date: "2019-09-19"
写了那么多R语言帖，没涉及过统计，来了来了！我大三时的生物统计是一学期没有听课，最后靠一本老师的课件，突击3天考了93的，现在需要补课，特别想要那本课件，可是同学们都没有，老师教完我们这一届就退休了。我只记得挺简单的！发扬我化繁为简的思想，开始刷统计，打你啊谁怕谁。
0.准备数据
x1 = iris$Sepal.Length[1:50]
x2 = iris$Petal.Length[51:100]
t检验只不过是个函数而已，用?t.test查看帮助文档，你有我有全都有啊。
t.test(x, y = NULL, alternative = c("two.sided", "less", "greater"), mu = 0, paired = FALSE, var.equal = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95, ...)
1.最简单的t检验
(1)单个总体均值的t检验
检验均值是否等于某个值，参数mu默认等于0，主要看p值。检验结果也一起给出了t值、自由度、备择假设、95%置信区间以及均值。
t.test(x1)
#>
#> One Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x1
#> t = 100.42, df = 49, p-value < 2.2e-16
#> alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 4.905824 5.106176
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x
#> 5.006
t.test(x2,mu = 3)
#>
#> One Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x2
#> t = 18.96, df = 49, p-value < 2.2e-16
#> alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 3
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 4.126453 4.393547
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x
#> 4.26
p值<0.05即拒绝"x2均值等于3"的假设。
(2)两个总体均值的t检验
即检验两个总体的均值是否相等，也是看p值。
假设："x1和x2均值相等"
t.test(x1,x2)
#>
#> Welch Two Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x1 and x2
#> t = 8.9799, df = 90.882, p-value = 3.514e-14
#> alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 0.5809806 0.9110194
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x mean of y
#> 5.006 4.260
p值<0.05即拒绝"x1和x2均值相等"的假设
2.单边假设检验
(1)一个总体
参数alternative,可选值“two.sided”, “less”, “greater”。指的是备择假设的方向。因此下面代码是的假设是x1的均值小于5！不是大于,看清楚啦！
假设："x1均值小于5"
t.test(x1,mu=5,alternative = "greater")
#>
#> One Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x1
#> t = 0.12036, df = 49, p-value = 0.4523
#> alternative hypothesis: true mean is greater than 5
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 4.922425 Inf
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x
#> 5.006
p值大于0.05所以不能拒绝原假设，即接受"x1均值小于5"。
(2)两个总体
假设："x1与x2的均值之差大于0"
t.test(x1,x2,mu = 1,alternative = "less")
#>
#> Welch Two Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x1 and x2
#> t = -3.0575, df = 90.882, p-value = 0.001466
#> alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is less than 1
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> -Inf 0.884052
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x mean of y
#> 5.006 4.260
p值小于0.05所以不能拒绝原假设，即接受"x1与x2的均值之差大于0"。
3.复杂一点的两总体均值的假设检验
t检验对数据的要求是符合正态分布，方差不齐。
(1) 方差相等的两个总体
t检验默认两总体方差不等！如果相等，就添加参数var.equal = TRUE。
假设：x1和x2均值之差大于0
t.test(x1,x2,alternative = "less",var.equal = TRUE)
#>
#> Two Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x1 and x2
#> t = 8.9799, df = 98, p-value = 1
#> alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is less than 0
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> -Inf 0.8839488
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x mean of y
#> 5.006 4.260
p值等于1，不能拒绝原假设。
(2) 配对的两个总体
比如一组病人用药前和后，或者一组病人的癌和癌旁
假设：用药前后均值相等
df <- data.frame(bf = rnorm(10),af = runif(10))
df
#> bf af
#> 1 0.58010472 0.86960663
#> 2 0.25525231 0.52773048
#> 3 -0.77518791 0.36981479
#> 4 -1.10502267 0.92992487
#> 5 -0.86170377 0.55808954
#> 6 -0.42196653 0.12709410
#> 7 -2.35900186 0.26329736
#> 8 0.02647175 0.29790846
#> 9 0.90500441 0.04198544
#> 10 0.03287849 0.51154376
t.test(df$bf,df$af,paired = T)
#>
#> Paired t-test
#>
#> data: df$bf and df$af
#> t = -2.5859, df = 9, p-value = 0.02941
#> alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> -1.5411122 -0.1029211
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of the differences
#> -0.8220167
p>0.05 不能拒绝原假设
(3) 两个总体均值只差是否等于某特定值
假设：x1与x2均值之差等于3
t.test(x1,x2,mu = 3)
#>
#> Welch Two Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x1 and x2
#> t = -27.132, df = 90.882, p-value < 2.2e-16
#> alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 3
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 0.5809806 0.9110194
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x mean of y
#> 5.006 4.260
p<0.05,拒绝原假设。
显著性水平指定
显著性水平常用0.01，0.05，0.1，0.05是默认值。
t.test(x1,mu = 4,conf.level = 0.99)
#>
#> One Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x1
#> t = 20.181, df = 49, p-value < 2.2e-16
#> alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 4
#> 99 percent confidence interval:
#> 4.872406 5.139594
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x
#> 5.006
t.test(x1,mu = 4,conf.level = 0.9)
#>
#> One Sample t-test
#>
#> data: x1
#> t = 20.181, df = 49, p-value < 2.2e-16
#> alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 4
#> 90 percent confidence interval:
#> 4.922425 5.089575
#> sample estimates:
#> mean of x
#> 5.006
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