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小学英语基础知识!

小学英语基础知识!

作者: 心梦_43e7 | 来源:发表于2018-04-17 23:14 被阅读38次

    第一部分:基础知识

      1.字母:26个字母的大小写

    ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

    abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

    2.语音:元音的发音

    五个元音字母:AEIOU

    12个单元音音素:

    前元音:[i:] [ɪ] /e/ [æ]

    中元音:[ɜ:] [ə]

    后元音:[ɑ:] [ɒ] [ɔ:] [u :] [ʊ] [ʌ]

    双元音音素(8个)

    合口双元音(5个)[ai]  [ei]  [au]    [əu]  [ɔi]

    集中双元音音素(3个) [iə][εə][uə]

    3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词

    4.句子:大小写,标点符号

    第二部分:语法知识

    1名词:名词单复数,名词的格

      (一)名词单复数

    1一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

    2以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

    3以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

    4以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

    不规则名词复数:

    man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice

    child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

    不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

          (二)名词的格

    有生命的东西的名词所有格:

    a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt

    b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags

    c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes

    并列名词中,如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如:

    Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车

    要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加’s

    Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车

      (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如: a picture of the classroom a map of China

    2冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:

    (1)不定冠词:a / an  a unit / an uncle

    元音开头的可数名词前用an :

    an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer /

    an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail /

    an address / an event / an example / an opera /

    an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport /

    an action movie / an art lesson /

    (2)定冠词:the    the egg the plane

    定冠词的用法:

    特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.

    复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.

    谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school.

    在序数词前: John’s birthday is February the second.

    用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / evening

      不用冠词的情况:

    专有名词前:China is a big country.

    名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:

    This is my baseball.

    复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.

    在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.

    一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.

    球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.

    * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.

    学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.

    在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.

    固定词组中:at noon at night by bus

    3代词、形容词、副词

    1.代词:人称代词,物主代词

    人称代词物主代词

      主格宾格

      第一

      人称单数I(我)memy(我的)

      复数we(我们)usour(我们的)

      第二

      人称单数you(你)youyour(你的)

      复数you(你们)youyour(你们的)

      第三

      人称单数he(他)himhis(他的)

      she(她)herher(她的)

      it(它)itits(它的)

      复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的)

    2.形容词,副词:比较级,最高级

      (一)、形容词的比较级

      1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。

      2.形容词加er的规则:

    一般在词尾加er ;

    以字母e 结尾,加r ;

    以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;

    以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。

      3.不规则形容词比较级:

      good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

      (二)副词的比较级

      1.形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)

    ⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后

    ⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后

      2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)

    4数词:基数词、序数词

    基数词:

    (1)1-20

    one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

    (2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。

    23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

    (3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;

      586→five hundred and eighty-six,

          803→eight hundred and three

    (4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion

      1,001→one thousand and one

      18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three

      6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

      750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion

    序数词

      (1)一般在基数词后加th

      eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth

      (2)不规则变化

    one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth

      (3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th

    twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth

      (4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。

    twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth

    基数词转为序数词的口诀:

       基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.

      一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d.

      八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。

      ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.

      若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。

    5介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等

    1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。

      at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)

    2.on

    1)表示具体日期。

      注:(1)关于"在周末"的几种表示法:

    at(on)the weekend在周末---特指

    at(on)weekends在周末---泛指

    over the weekend在整个周末

    during the weekend在周末期间

    (2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas?而不说on Christmas?

    2)在(刚……)的时候。

    On reaching the city he called up his parents.

    一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。

    3.in

    1)表示"时段"、"时期",在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。

    in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)

    在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)

    6动词:动词的四种时态:

    (1)一般现在时:

      一般现在时的构成

    1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如: I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。

    2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如: We study English. 我们学习英语。

    当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。

      动词+s的变化规则

    1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks

    2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

    3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies

    (2)一般过去时:

      动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:

      A、规则动词

    ① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited

    ② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used

    ③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)

    ④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped

      B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)

    小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:

    sing – sang , eat – ate ,see – saw , have – had ,

    do – did ,go – went , take – took , buy – bought ,

    get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,

    are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam ,

    tell – told , draw – drew ,come – came , lose – lost ,

    find – found , drink – drank ,hurt – hurt , feel – felt

    (3)一般将来时:

      基本结构:

    ①be going to + do;

    ②will+ do. be going to = will

      I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.

    (4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词

      动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则:

    ① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating

    ② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing

    ③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting

    第三部分:句法

    1陈述句

      (1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如:

    I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.

    There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.

      (2)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如:

    I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor.

    He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom.

    He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.

    2疑问句

     

       一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。

      特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。

                     

    3There be句型

    There be 句型与have, has的区别:

    1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)

    2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。

    3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。

    4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。

    5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。

    6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。

    7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:

    How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?

    How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?

    8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:

    What’s + 介词短语?

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