1.导读
2.Conversion function
3.non-explicit-one-argument ctor
4.point-link classes
5.function-like classes
6.namespace 经验谈
7.class template 类模板
8.function template 函数模板
9.member template 成员模板
10.specialization 模板特化
11.模板偏特化
12.模板模板参数
13.关于C++标准库
14.三个主题
15.Reference
1.Conversion Function转换函数
class Fraction{
public:
operator double() const {//转换不可能改变类里的成员,通常加上const
return (double)(m_numerator / m_denominator);
}//把Fraction对象转换成double类型,double()不可有参数,返回类型不用写
private:
int m_numerator;
int m_denominator;
};
Fraction f(3,5);
double d=4+f;//调用operator double()将f转为0.6
2.non-explict it one arguement construct
//可以把别的东西转换为这种东西
class Fraction{
public:
Fraction(int num,int den=1):m_numerator(num),m_denominator(den) { }
operator double const {
return (double)(m_numerator / m_denominator);
}
Fraction operator+(constFraction& f) {
return
Fraction(...);
private:
int m_numerator;
int m_denominator;
};
Fraction f(3,5);
Fractiond2=f+4;//调用non_explict ctor将4转为Fraction,然后调用operator+
template
calss vector//模板的先特化,容器里的每个元素都是ool值
{
public:
typedef __bit_reference reference;
protected:
reference operator[](size type n){//代表本来真正传回来的东西
return *(begin() +diffenece_type(n));
}
struct __bit_reference
{
unsigned int* p;
unsigned int mask;
...
public:
operator bool() const { return !(!(*p * mask));}
};
3.pointer-like classes,
template
class shared_ptr{
public:
T& operator*() const
{
return *px;
}
T* operator->() const{
return px;
}
shared_ptr(T* p):px(p) { }
private:
T* px;//指向T的指针,什么类型都接受
long* pn;
};
lass Foo{
...
void method(void) {...}
};
shared_ptr sp(new Foo);
Foo f(*sp);
sp->method();//调用method()
px->method();//通过这个对象调用这个函数
箭头符号有一个特殊的行为:作用下去得到的结果,这个箭头符号会继续作用下去
智能指针里头一定带着一个一般的指针,而智能指针一定要带*和->符号
point-class这种类型
4迭代器
主要用来遍历容器
template
struct _list_iterator//链表的迭代器
{
typedef _list_iterator self;
typedef Ptr pointrt;
typedef Ref reference;
typedef _list_node* linx_type;//指向结点的指针
link_type node;
bool operator == (const self& x) const {return node == x.node;}
bool operator != (const self& x) const {return node != x.node;}
reference operator*() const {return (*node}.data;}
pointer operator-> const {return &(operator*());}
self& operator++() {node = (link_type)((*node).next);return *this;}
self operator++(int) {self tmp = *this; ++*this; return tmp;}
self& operator--() {node = (link_type)((*node).prev;return *this;}
self operator--(int) {self tmp = *this; --*this; return tmp;}
};
5 Function - like class
template
struct identity : public unart_function{
const T& operator()(const T& x) const { return x;}
};
template
struct selectst{//取出第一个
const typename Pair::first_type& operator() (const Pair& x) const
{
return x.first;
}
};
template
Struct select2nd : publicunart_function{//取出第二个
const typename Pair::second_type& operator()(const Pair& x) const
{
return x.second;
}
};
template
struct pair: publicunart_function{
T1 first;
T2 second;
pair() : first(T1()),second(T2()) {}
pair(const T1& a,const T2& b):first(a),second(b) { }
};
6.class template类模板和fumction template函数模板
template//复数的类模板
class complex{
public:
complex(T r=0,T i=0):re(r),im(i) {}
complex & operator += (const complex&);
T real() const {return re;}
T imag() const {return im;}
private:
T re,im;
friend complex& __doapl(complex*,const complex&);
};
{
complex c1(2.5,1.5);
complex c2(2,6);
}
函数模板:
class stone{
public:
stone(int w,int h,int we):_w(w),_h(h),_weight(we) {}
bool operator<<(const stone& rhs) const {
return _weight < rhs._weight;
}
private:
int _w,_h,_weight;
};
template
inline const T& min(const T& a, const T& b)
{ return b;}
函数模板在使用的时候不必指明type,能够通过调用时传递的实参推出来类型
member template成员模板
template
struct pair{
typedef T1 first_type;
typedef T2 second_type;
T1 first;
T2 second;
pair():first(T1()),second(T2()) {}
pair(const T1 &a,const T2 &b)
:first(a),second(b) {}
template //成员模板
pair(const pait &p)//T1和T2类型确定了以后,U1和U2也能进行确定
:first(p.first),second(p.second) {}
}
7.模板特化specialization
Template
struct hash ();
template<>
struct hash{
size_t operator() (char x) const {return x;}//重载
};
template<>
struct hash{
size_t operator() (int x) const {return x;}
};
template<>
struct hash{
size_t operator() (long x) const {return x;}
};
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