中文感悟：
第8章讲的内容比较繁杂混乱，我简要摘一点自己印象比较深刻的地方谈一谈感想吧。
其中让我感受颇深的地方是苏东坡在警告皇帝的话中有几句是这么说的
诗曰：“譬彼舟流，不知所届。心之忧矣。不遑假寐。”区区之忠，惟陛下察之，臣谨昧死上对。
这几句话让我想起了诸葛亮在《出师表》中的一段话：“愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。”
我想也许历代英雄们的情怀都在某种程度上有一定的相似性。从苏轼的“区区之忠”到诸葛亮的鞠躬尽瘁，再到范仲淹的“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”。他们心系国家苍生，而不顾个人荣辱安危。
字词学习：
And when an emperor loses the support of the people, it spells his ruin.
spell在此处作动词，表示to have something, usually something bad, as a result; to mean something, usually something bad招致、意味着（通常指坏事）
另外spell作动词还可表示to replace for a short time somebody who is doing a particular activity so that they ca rest（短时间）替换、顶替
In addition, spell作名词有几个意思也值得积累。
1 （持续的）一段时间，例如 a spell of warm weather
2 words that are thought to have magic power or to make a piece of magic work; a piece of magic that happens when somebody says these magic words咒语、魔法、符咒
3 a quality that a person or thing has that makes them so attractive or interesting that they have a strong influence on you魅力、魔力。例如 I completely fell under her spell.
造句：A bad weather spells disasters for farmers.
Su Tungpo warned the Emperor against reliance upon his power to cow the people into submission.
cow此处作动词，表示to frighten somebody in order to make them obey you
造句：Children are easily cowed.
此外，cow作名词还可以表示 1 the female of the elephant, whale and some other large animals.
2 an unpleasant person, thing or situation讨厌的人（或事物、情况）
俗语 have a cow: to become very angry or anxious about something
till the cows come home: for a very long time
Hundreds of years earlier, various forms of mutilation had been used in the punishment of criminals, including branding, cutting off noses, cutting off legs, and castration.
branding, cutting off nose, cutting off legs, castration都是古代的刑罚。
今天我想讲一讲branding这个词，文章中翻译成“墨刑”，我去搜了一下墨刑的百科，发现解释是这样的：（结合下面的百科和词语解释，我觉得此处不应该翻译成墨刑，而是应该类似于炮烙这样的刑罚）
branding iron: a mental tool that is heated and used to brand farm animals.烙铁
branding这个词应该是来自brand, brand作动词主要有两个意思 1 to describe somebody as being something bad or unpleasant, especially unfair（尤指不公正地）丑化某人或败坏某人名声
此时用法主要有brand somebody as something/ brand somebody+noun./adj.
2 to mark an animal with a brand to show who owns it
此外brand作名词除了品牌、类型之外，还表示名词的“烙印”
造句：The farmer branded his cow in the morning.
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