Developing your first CLI (comma

Originally published at dev.to.

Most programmers prefer CLI to GUI, why?

• They are smaller in size.
• Batch processing is ease.
• Well-designed auto-completion can prevent incorrect manipulations.
• Using GUI is not cool. (It is true for most geeks.)
• ...And many other reasons I have not come up with yet.

But not so many have actually developed a CLI. Fortunately, with the help of several handful packages, it has become effortless to build a CLI with NodeJS.

Here is the companion repo of this post: github

The main packages we will be using:

• commander
• shelljs
• pkg

Before we start

If you are not familiar with NodeJS, or JavaScript, that is OK, for this instruction will not be difficult as long as you have some essential programming experience.

You will need to install some necessary tools, however. If you are using MacOS, and you already have homebrew installed, then it will be as easy as:

brew install node yarn # Install node (the NodeJS engine) and yarn (a package manager for NodeJS)

You can also use npm, which is the official package manager for NodeJS. I use yarn out of personal preference. There are some differences in their usage, but it is not hard to figure them out via help.

If you are using Linux or Windows, there are plenty of blogs and articles on the Internet, so you can just go searching for how to install node and yarn on your system.

After the installation, we can enter our main phase.

Step 00: Setting up the repository

The fastest way is to clone my repo:

git clone https://github.com/pkuosa-gabriel/node-cli-starter my-cli
cd my-cli
git checkout step-00-repo-init
yarn install

Besides the packages mentioned above, I've also configured prettier, lint-staged and husky for your convenience. If you do not want or do not like them, just run yarn remove <package-name> and delete the related code, namely, .prettierrc, .lintstagedrc and the 'husky' object in package.json.

Or if you want to start from scratch:

mkdir my-cli
cd my-cli
yarn init # You will need to answer several questions interactively
yarn add commander shelljs
yarn add -D pkg

Step 01: Hello, commander

Every time you learn something new, there will be some "Hello world" things. And this time is no exception. Our first goal is to build a command that outputs "Hello world".

If you are following my repo, you should now checkout to the next branch.

git checkout step-01-hello-world

Or you can edit index.js with your favorite IDE:

// index.js

/** 
 * This is the common way to import a package in NodeJS.
 * The CommonJS module system is used.
 */ 
const mycli = require('commander')

/**
 * () => {} is an arrow function, which belongs to the ES6 (ESMAScript 6) standard.
 */
mycli.action(() => {
  console.log('Hello world') // Print 'Hello world' to the command line.
})

/**
 * This line is necessary for the command to take effect.
 */
mycli.parse(process.argv) 

We can then validate it by running:

node index.js
#=> Hello world

node index.js hello
#=> Hello world

Note that extra arguments will make no difference here, as we have not made use of them yet.

In this code snippet, action determines what will be executed after the command is triggered. However, it will not be executed until parse is called, which parses the input arguments from process.argv.

For example, node index.js will be parsed to:

Command {
  commands: [],
  options: [],
  _execs: {},
  _allowUnknownOption: false,
  _args: [],
  _name: 'index',
  Command: [Function: Command],
  Option: [Function: Option],
  _events:
   [Object: null prototype] { 'command:*': [Function: listener] },
  _eventsCount: 1,
  rawArgs:
   [ '/usr/local/Cellar/node/11.6.0/bin/node',
     '/path/to/my-cli/index.js' ],
  args: [] }

Step 02: Adding some options

The hello-world version CLI is useless because it ignores whatever we input, and outputs only 'Hello world'. To make it a little more useful, we are going to add some options.

git checkout step-02-add-options

Or you can do it manually:

// index.js

/**
 * This is the common way to import a package in NodeJS.
 * The CommonJS module system is used.
 */

const mycli = require('commander')

/**
 * This arrow function is used for generating our bot's replies.
 * @param {string} word The intended output
 */
const bot = word => {
  console.log('The bot says:', word)
}

/**
 * This function is used for collecting values into the array.
 * @param {string} val The new value to be pushed into the array
 * @param {array} arr The original array
 * @return {array} The new array
 */
const collect = (val, arr) => {
  arr.push(val)
  return arr
}

mycli
  .option('-u, --username <name>', `specify the user's name`)
  .option('-a, --age [age]', `specify the user's age`)
  .option(
    '-g, --gender [gender]',
    `specify the user's gender`,
    /^(male|female)$/i,
    'private',
  )
  .option('-i, --additional-info [info]', 'additional information', collect, [])
  .option('-s, --silent', 'disable output')
  .option('--no-gender-output', 'disable gender output')
  .action(() => {
    if (!mycli.silent) {
      /**
       * `...` is called a template string (aka template literal). Expressions can be evaluated in a
       * template string, by using ${}, which is very similar to what we do in the command line with shell
       * scripts.
       * Here we use JS's internal function typeof to get the variable's type.
       * We also use ternary operator instead of if ... else ... for simplicity.
       */
      const nameLine = `Hello ${
        typeof mycli.username === 'string' ? mycli.username : 'world'
      }`
      bot(nameLine)

      const ageLine =
        typeof mycli.age === 'string'
          ? `I know you are ${mycli.age}`
          : 'I do not know your age'
      bot(ageLine)

      /**
       * Here we combine use of arrow function and IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression).
       */
      if (mycli.genderOutput) {
        const genderLine = (() => {
          switch (mycli.gender) {
            case 'male':
              return 'You are a man'
            case 'female':
              return 'You are a woman'
            default:
              return 'Well, gender is your privacy'
          }
        })()
        bot(genderLine)
      }

      /**
       * Array.forEach is an easy way to perform iterative execution to all elements in an array.
       */
      mycli.additionalInfo.forEach(info => {
        const infoLine = `I also know ${info}`
        bot(infoLine)
      })
    }
  })

/**
 * This line is necessary for the command to take effect.
 */
mycli.parse(process.argv)

Quite a few changes! Don't be afraid, I will explain them to you one by one.

In total, 6 different options have been added to help you form a comprehensive view of how to use commander.

Before looking at my explanations, you can have a try first. Just type node index.js -h or node index.js --help in your command line, and you will see an automatically generated help message. You do not need to do anything in your code, because commander will take care of it for you. You can also customize your help message. Details can be referred to this part of commander's official document.

Usage: index [options]

Options:
  -u, --username <name>         specify the user's name
  -a, --age [age]               specify the user's age
  -g, --gender [gender]         specify the user's gender (default: "private")
  -i, --additional-info [info]  additional information (default: [])
  -s, --silent                  disable output
  --no-gender-output            disable gender output
  -h, --help                    output usage information

Example input:

node index.js -u Tom -a 18 -g male -i "Michael Jordan is the God of basketball."

Example output:

The bot says: Hello Tom // (name)
The bot says: I know you are 18 // (age)
The bot says: You are a man // (gender)
The bot says: I also know Michael Jordan is the God of basketball. // (additionalInfo)

• If a name is given, the bot will starts with "Hello <somebody>", otherwise it will simply say "Hello world".
• If an age is given, the bot will retell that by saying "I know you are <age>", otherwise it will say "I do not know your age"
• If a gender (male/female) is given, the bot will retell that by saying "You are a man/woman", otherwise it will say "Well, gender is your privacy"
• If additional information is given, the bot will simple reply with "I also know <the exact information>".

If you are not so familiar with NodeJS or JavaScript, there are some brief introductions in the comments. For further details, you can turn to NodeJS Doc, or other websites like MDN and w3schools.

Now let's see the code. We use .option() to add options for our CLI commands. As a function, it receives several parameters:

1. flags: a string like '-u, --username <name>', which specifies how this option will be triggered, and whether it has a parameter. This is required.
2. description: A string as the description of this option, which will be collected into the auto help message. This is optional.
3. fn: A function or a regular expression, which will be applied to the input parameter of this option. This is optional.
4. defaultValue: The default value for the parameter of this option. This is optional.

commander will transform each option into a key of the commander object (mycli in our case). And it follows the principles below:

1. If flags is set to -c, and there is no -- flag, it will be transformed into mycli.C.
2. If -- flag is set, e.g., --username, in this case, whether or not the - flag is set, this option will be transformed into mycli.username.
3. If multiple words are used, e.g., --additional-info, it will be transformed into the camel form, mycli.additionalInfo.
4. If an option is not used and no default value is given, its value will be undefined. If it is used, but no parameter is given, its value will be true.
5. In particular, if --no flag is set, e.g., --no-gender-output, it will be transformed into mycli.genderOutput, while it has a different behavior. When using this option, its value will be false, and true if it is not used.
6. If a parameter definition is given via [] or <>, and a parameter is given when using the option, then the value will be the parameter (or the return value from fn, which takes the parameter as its input), instead of a boolean.

[Tips]

• Avoid using --name, for mycli.name already exists.
• Avoid using -c and -C at the same time without setting the -- flag for them, for they will both be transformed into mycli.C. Also avoid using same -- flag for different options, or things like --happy and --no-happy. Remember the mechanism of the option=>key transform, then you will never make such a mistake.
• Besides the 5th point above, options defined with a --no flag has another notable feature: It can receive parameters, fn can also work, but it ignores the defaultValue property. The document does not mention this, but it can be seen in the source code, that the defaultValue of --no options will be rewritten to true, ignoring the defaultValue you set. So, my suggestion is that you should not define a parameter for a --no option.

You may have noticed that two different ways are used to define option parameter, namely, [] and <>. The difference lies in that [] defines an optional parameter, while <> definess a required parameter. You can experience it by typing node index.js -u in the command line. There will be an error, saying:

error: option `-u, --username <name>' argument missing

This is because the -u option has a required parameter. As long as you use this option, you must give it a parameter. Otherwise an error will occur.

[Tips]

• Be careful not to offer the required parameter when using an option which requires a parameter. For instance, when you run node index.js -u -a, the -a option will not be triggered, for the "-a" you input will be recognized as the parameter of -u.

The -g, --gender option has a regular expression as its fn, which matches only "male" or "female". This means, when the parameter of -g is neither "male" nor "female", it will fall into the default value "private".

[Tips]

• Make sure to set the default value when using a regular expression. In the example above, if no default value is given, and you input a parameter other than "male" or "female", the value of mycli.gender will be true, which you might not expect.

The -i, --additional-info option has a processing function called collect which is defined as:

/**
 * This function is used for collecting values into the array.
 * @param {string} val The new value to be pushed into the array
 * @param {array} arr The original array
 * @return {array} The new array
 */
const collect = (val, arr) => {
  arr.push(val)
  return arr
}

This function simply collects the new value and push it into the original array. Combined with the default value [], this option is able to be called multiple times, and collect all the parameters into an array.

Example input:

node index.js -i "the sun rises in the east" -i "the sun sets in the west"

Example output:

The bot says: Hello world // (username)
The bot says: I do not know your age // (age)
The bot says: Well, gender is your privacy // (gender)
The bot says: I also know the sun rises in the east // (additionalInfo)
The bot says: I also know the sun sets in the west // (additionalInfo)

The last two lines correspond to the two sentences we input.

What will happen if we do not use the collect function and set the default value to []? We can use -u to test this.

Example input:

node index.js -u Tom -u Mary -u Mike

Example output:

The bot says: Hello Mike // (name)
The bot says: I do not know your age // (age)
The bot says: Well, gender is your privacy // (gender)

As you can see, the last -u option overwrites all previous -u options.

[Tips]

• If the last -u option has no parameter, there will be en error, even if all the previous -u options have parameters given, for they have been overridden.

The -s, --silent option diables all outputs as its description says, for all the bot functions (which is a wrapped console.log) rely on mycli.silent being false.

The --no-gender-output option diables only the gender line.

Before we go to the next step, I want to mention that commander supports the abbreviation of - flags. But be careful when you try to use that!

Example input:

node index.js -uagi Tom 18 male "Michael Jordan is the God of basketball."

Example output:

The bot says: Hello -a // (name)
The bot says: I do not know your age // (age)
The bot says: Well, gender is your privacy // (gender)
The bot says: I also know Tom // (additionalInfo)

On first sight you might find the output rather strange. But if you know how it works, you will understant at once.

The mechanism of abbreviation is very simple. The abbreviated options will simply be expanded before being evaluated. So the original input becomes:

node index.js -u -a -g -i Tom 18 male "Michael Jordan is the God of basketball."

• -u takes "-a" as its parameter, so the first line of output is "Hello -a"
• -g has no parameter, so the default value "private" is used.
• -i takes "Tom" as its parameter, and the rest parameters are abandoned.

OK, now you have realized a simple CLI tool, and also got to know some mechanisms behind the surface. Congratulations! Lets move on to the next step.

Step 03: Adding sub-commands

A CLI tool generally has multiple commands. In this step, we will add some sub-commands to our CLI tool.

git checkout step-03-add-subcommands

Or modify your index.js manually:

// index.js

// ...

mycli
  .command('time')
  .alias('t')
  .description('show the current local time')
  .action(() => {
    /**
     * The `Date.now()` method returns the number of milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC.
     * By using `new Date()`, a Date object is created.
     * The `.toLocaleTimeString()` method then transforms it into the human readable form.
     */
    const now = new Date(Date.now())
    console.log(now.toLocaleTimeString())
  })

mycli
  .command('sum')
  .alias('s')
  .arguments('<numbers...>')
  .description('calculate sum of several numbers')
  .action(numbers => {
    /**
     * `Array.prototype.reduce()` executes the reducer function on each member of the array,
     * resulting in a single output value.
     */
    console.log(
      numbers.reduce(
        (accumulator, currentValue) =>
          parseFloat(accumulator) + parseFloat(currentValue),
      ),
    )
  })

mycli
  .command('match')
  .alias('m')
  .arguments('<first> <second> [coefficient]')
  .option('-r, --random', 'add a random value to the final result')
  .description('calculate how much the first person matches the second one')
  .action((first, second, coefficient = 1, cmd) => {
    let result = Math.abs(first.length - second.length)
    if (cmd.random) {
      result += Math.random()
    }
    result *= coefficient
    console.log(`The match point of ${first} and ${second} is ${result}`)
  })

/**
 * This line is necessary for the command to take effect.
 */
mycli.parse(process.argv)

We add three commands, respectively, time, sum and match.

First, let's have a look at our the help message.

node index.js -h

The output should be:

Usage: index [options] [command]

Options:
  -u, --username <name>                             specify the user's name
  -a, --age [age]                                   specify the user's age
  -g, --gender [gender]                             specify the user's gender (default: "private")
  -i, --additional-info [info]                      additional information (default: [])
  -s, --silent                                      disable output
  --no-gender-output                                disable gender output
  -h, --help                                        output usage information

Commands:
  time|t                                            show the current local time
  sum|s <numbers...>                                calculate sum of several numbers
  match|m [options] <first> <second> [coefficient]  calculate how much the first person matches the second one

commander also generates help messages for the sub-commands. For example:

node index.js match -h

will yield:

Usage: match|m [options] <first> <second> [coefficient]

calculate how much the first person matches the second one

Options:
  -r, --random  add a random value to the final result
  -h, --help    output usage information

Defining sub-commands is easy:

1. .command() specifies the name of the sub-command
2. .alias() specifies the alias of the sub-command
3. .description() specifies the description, which is shown in the help message.
4. .arguments() defines what arguments the sub-command will accept
5. .action() defines the action after a sub-command is triggered

The time command has no arguments, so we simply do:

node index.js time

# Or `node index.js t`
# For it has the alias "t"

The current time will be printed, for example:

11:02:41 PM

The sum command requires at least one parameter. This is realized via .arguments('<numbers...>'). Just like we have been familiar in Step 02, here the <> means this parameter is required. Then what does the ... mean? This means there can be more than one parameter.

Let's have a try:

node index.js sum 1 2 3 4 5.1

The output will be:

15.1

As is shown above, the sum command takes all the five numbers we input. These numbers are loaded into an array called numbers, which we can directly use in the context of .action().

The match command has two required parameters, <first> and <second>, and an optional parameter, coefficient. It also has an option -r, --random.

Let's have a go:

node index.js match Tom Mary 1.2 -r

Example output (the result varies because we use random numbers here):

The match point of Tom and Mary is 2.0254795433768233

The .arguments part is not hard to understand. However, the .action() part does require your attention, for there is something different from what we already know.

I have copied the code below, so you do not need to scroll up.

.action((first, second, coefficient = 1, cmd) => {
    let result = Math.abs(first.length - second.length)
    if (cmd.random) {
      result += Math.random()
    }
    result *= coefficient
    console.log(`The match point of ${first} and ${second} is ${result}`)
  })

coefficient is an optional parameter, so a default value is assigned to it so as to avoid the case of undefined.

Unlike what we have done in Step 02, as this is the context of a sub-command, we cannot directly use mycli.xxx. Instead, we pass the cmd to the function, and use cmd.random to get the value of the -r, --random option. Besides this, you can use options in the same way.

Step 04: Using shelljs

Till now, our CLI tool is barely a toy. In this step, we will make it more useful through the use of shelljs, which is very helpful if you want to run shell commands in NodeJS. You can certainly go without it, but then you will have to deal with things like post-processing of outputs.

git checkout step-04-use-shelljs

Or modify your index.js manually:

// index.js

const mycli = require('commander')
const shelljs = require('shelljs')

// ...

mycli
  .command('shell')
  .description('use shelljs to do some shell work')
  .action(() => {
    shelljs.ls('-Al').forEach(file => {
      const birthTimeUTC = new Date(file.birthtimeMs).toUTCString()
      console.log(`${file.name} was created at ${birthTimeUTC}.`)
    })
  })

/**
 * This line is necessary for the command to take effect.
 */
mycli.parse(process.argv)

A new sub-command named shell has been added. Using shelljs.ls() with the -Al option, this sub-command can list all files and directories in the current directory and tell us the time they each were created, respectively.

node index.js shell

Example output:

.git was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 10:09:05 GMT.
.gitignore was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 10:09:13 GMT.
.lintstagedrc was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 11:36:11 GMT.
.prettierrc was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 11:36:11 GMT.
LICENSE was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 10:09:13 GMT.
README.md was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 10:09:13 GMT.
index.js was created at Fri, 04 Jan 2019 15:17:22 GMT.
node_modules was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 10:11:06 GMT.
package.json was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 11:36:11 GMT.
yarn.lock was created at Thu, 03 Jan 2019 11:36:11 GMT.

Detailed usage of shelljs can be found in its doc.

[Tips]

• There is another package called shell.js, which is used to render an interactive shell in a web page. Do not mix it up with shelljs.

Step 05: Refactoring the directory structure

Our code is a bit dirty right now. Let's make it prettier through refactoring.

Git checkout is recommended this time, for there are many modifications.

git checkout step-05-refactor

Let's look at our new index.js:

// index.js

/**
 * This is the common way to import a package in NodeJS.
 * The CommonJS module system is used.
 */

const mycli = require('commander')
const mainAction = require('./src/actions/index')
const timeAction = require('./src/actions/time')
const sumAction = require('./src/actions/sum')
const matchAction = require('./src/actions/match')
const shellAction = require('./src/actions/shell')
const collect = require('./src/helpers/collect')
const {version} = require('./package')

/**
 * Without using `.command`, this works as the root command.
 */
mycli
  .version(version, '-v, --version')
  .option('-u, --username <name>', `specify the user's name`)
  .option('-a, --age [age]', `specify the user's age`)
  .option(
    '-g, --gender [gender]',
    `specify the user's gender`,
    /^(male|female)$/i,
    'private',
  )
  .option('-i, --additional-info [info]', 'additional information', collect, [])
  .option('-s, --silent', 'disable output')
  .option('--no-gender-output', 'disable gender output')

mycli
  .command('time')
  .alias('t')
  .description('show the current local time')
  .action(timeAction)

mycli
  .command('sum')
  .alias('s')
  .arguments('<numbers...>')
  .description('calculate sum of several numbers')
  .action(sumAction)

mycli
  .command('match')
  .alias('m')
  .arguments('<first> <second> [coefficient]')
  .option('-r, --random', 'add a random value to the final result')
  .description('calculate how much the first person matches the second one')
  .action(matchAction)

mycli
  .command('shell')
  .description('use shelljs to do some shell work')
  .action(shellAction)

/**
 * Other commands will be redirected to the help message.
 */
mycli
  .command('*')
  .action(() => mycli.help())

/**
 * This line is necessary for the command to take effect.
 */
mycli.parse(process.argv)

/**
 * Call `mainAction` only when no command is specified.
 */
if (mycli.args.length === 0) mainAction(mycli)

As you can see, all actions are moved to the directory ./src/actions, and helper functions are moved to the directory ./src/helpers.

We read version from package.json and use .version() to define the version of our CLI tool. Now you can type in node index.js -v, and the output will be:

1.0.0

which is defined in our package.json

Another modification is the * sub-command. By using a wildcard, it can match all the other sub-commands that match none of the above sub-commands. Then we redirect them to the help message by using internal mycli.help().

We deal with the root command at the end, even after mycli.parse. Why?

We forget to test the usability of our root command in Step 03 and Step 04. Now go back and have a try, and you will find that node index.js -u Tom -a 18 will not provide the output we expect, unless you add something else, e.g., node index.js hello -u Tom -a 18.

[Tips]

• When sub-commands are specified, the .action() of the root command will act as if it belongs to a * sub-command.
• If the * sub-command is also defined, the .action() of the root command will simply be ignored.

So we move the execution of the main action to the end of index.js, after mycli.parse() is called.

Then why do we need the mycli.args.length === 0 condition? You can remove that, and you will find that the main action will be executed even if we are using other sub-commands! That is definitely not what we want. By using mycli.args.length === 0, the main action will only take effect when there is no sub-command.

[Tips]

• You might wonder what will happen if the root command requires an argument.
• The answer is that it will not take effect, because it will be considered to be a sub-command, instead of an argument of the root command.

Step 06: Packaging the CLI via pkg

For the last part, we are going to package the CLI into an executable binary. With the help of pkg, it is quite easy to package a NodeJS project into binaries for different platforms.

git checkout step-06-package

Several scripts have been added to package.json:

"scripts": {
    "package:mac": "pkg mycli.js --targets node10-macos-x64 --output dist/mac/mycli",
    "package:win": "pkg mycli.js --targets node10-win-x64 --output dist/win/mycli.exe",
    "package:linux": "pkg mycli.js --targets node10-linux-x64 --output dist/linux/mycli",
    "package:all": "yarn package:mac && yarn package:win && yarn package:linux"
  }

They are used to package our CLI tool for different NodeJS versions, platforms and architectures.

[Tips]

• You may have noticed that index.js has been renamed to mycli.js, this is to make the output of the help message match the name we expect. It uses the name of the main JS file as the name of the CLI tool.

Now, try packaging a binary for your platform, and have a go with the packaged binary. The most exciting thing is that this binary is even independent of node!

Step 07: Publishing your CLI tool to NPM

git checkout step-07-publish

This time, changes have been made to package.json:

  "name": "@pkuosa-gabriel/node-cli-starter",
  "bin": {
    "mycli": "./mycli.js"
  },

There are two key points:

1. Rename the name property to the form "@organization/package-name".
2. Add the bin property to specify binaries for this package.

Also do not forget to add the following line at the start of mycli.js:

#!/usr/bin/env node

So that the system knows to execute mycli.js with node.

To publish the package, you will need to register an account, create an organization, and then login locally. After all have been done, simply run:

yarn publish
# Or `npm publish`

Your package will soon be published to NPM.

You can then run yarn global add @organization/package-name, and you should then be able to use mycli in your command line. Hurray!

This tutorial has come to an end. Thank you for reading!

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Step 0x [Optional]: Adding logs via winston

If you want to further improve your CLI tool, it is a wise idea to make logs more organized. Here, we will use winston as our logging framework. Want some colors? You can use chalk.