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经典面试题-大厂SQL题目

经典面试题-大厂SQL题目

作者: 王祖龙 | 来源:发表于2021-03-28 12:20 被阅读0次

    1、 如何用一个SQL找出部门下所有员工的平均工资大于某个数(例如20000元)的所有部门?

    正确答案:

    select depno, avg(sal) as avgsal from emp group by depno having avgsal > 20000
    

    2、 两张结构一模一样的表,只是放的不同时间的数据,怎么用一个SQL捞出来后对某个数值字段做做平均值统计?

    正确答案:

    select AVG(table3.mean) from 
    (SELECT mean FROM table1
    UNION ALL
    SELECT mean FROM table2) table3 
    

    3、Employee 表包含所有员工,他们的经理也属于员工。每个员工都有一个 Id,此外还有一列对应员工的经理的 Id。

    +----+-------+--------+-----------+
    | Id | Name  | Salary | ManagerId |
    +----+-------+--------+-----------+
    | 1  | Joe   | 70000  | 3         |
    | 2  | Henry | 80000  | 4         |
    | 3  | Sam   | 60000  | NULL      |
    | 4  | Max   | 90000  | NULL      |
    +----+-------+--------+-----------+
    

    给定 Employee 表,编写一个 SQL 查询,该查询可以获取收入超过他们经理的员工的姓名。在上面的表格中,Joe 是唯一一个收入超过他的经理的员工。

    +----------+
    | Employee |
    +----------+
    | Joe      |
    +----------+
    

    正确答案:

    select e1.name as Employee from Employee e1 left join Employee e2 on e1.ManagerId = e2.Id where e1.Salary > e2.Salary;
    

    4、某网站包含两个表,Customers 表和 Orders 表。编写一个 SQL 查询,找出所有从不订购任何东西的客户。

    Customers 表:

    +----+-------+
    | Id | Name  |
    +----+-------+
    | 1  | Joe   |
    | 2  | Henry |
    | 3  | Sam   |
    | 4  | Max   |
    +----+-------+
    

    Orders 表:

    +----+------------+
    | Id | CustomerId |
    +----+------------+
    | 1  | 3          |
    | 2  | 1          |
    +----+------------+
    

    例如给定上述表格,你的查询应返回:

    +-----------+
    | Customers |
    +-----------+
    | Henry     |
    | Max       |
    +-----------+
    

    正确答案:

    select c.Name as Customers from Customers c left join Orders o on c.Id = o.CustomerId where o.CustomerId is null;
    

    5、编写一个 SQL 查询,查找所有至少连续出现三次的数字。

    +----+-----+
    | Id | Num |
    +----+-----+
    | 1  |  1  |
    | 2  |  1  |
    | 3  |  1  |
    | 4  |  2  |
    | 5  |  1  |
    | 6  |  2  |
    | 7  |  2  |
    +----+-----+
    

    例如,给定上面的 Logs 表, 1 是唯一连续出现至少三次的数字。

    +-----------------+
    | ConsecutiveNums |
    +-----------------+
    | 1               |
    +-----------------+
    

    正确答案:

    select distinct Num as ConsecutiveNums from Logs a
    where 
        a.Num = (select Num from Logs where a.Id = Id - 1)
    and
        a.Num = (select Num from Logs where a.Id = Id - 2);
    

    或者

    select 
        distinct l1.Num as ConsecutiveNums
    from 
        Logs l1, 
        Logs l2, 
        Logs l3
    where 
        l1.Id = l2.Id-1
    and 
        l2.Id = l3.Id-1
    and 
        l1.Num=l2.Num
    and 
        l2.Num=l3.Num
    

    6、编写一个 SQL 查询来实现分数排名。如果两个分数相同,则两个分数排名(Rank)相同。请注意,平分后的下一个名次应该是下一个连续的整数值。换句话说,名次之间不应该有“间隔”。

    +----+-------+
    | Id | Score |
    +----+-------+
    | 1  | 3.50  |
    | 2  | 3.65  |
    | 3  | 4.00  |
    | 4  | 3.85  |
    | 5  | 4.00  |
    | 6  | 3.65  |
    +----+-------+
    

    例如,根据上述给定的 Scores 表,你的查询应该返回(按分数从高到低排列):

    +-------+------+
    | Score | Rank |
    +-------+------+
    | 4.00  | 1    |
    | 4.00  | 1    |
    | 3.85  | 2    |
    | 3.65  | 3    |
    | 3.65  | 3    |
    | 3.50  | 4    |
    +-------+------+
    

    正确答案:

    select s1.Score, (select count(distinct(s2.Score)) from Scores s2 where s2.Score >= s1.Score) as Rank 
    from Scores s1 
    order by s1.Score desc
    

    7、编写一个 SQL 查询,获取 Employee 表中第 n 高的薪水(Salary)。

    +----+--------+
    | Id | Salary |
    +----+--------+
    | 1  | 100    |
    | 2  | 200    |
    | 3  | 300    |
    +----+--------+
    

    例如上述 Employee 表,n = 2 时,应返回第二高的薪水 200。如果不存在第 n 高的薪水,那么查询应返回 null。

    +------------------------+
    | getNthHighestSalary(2) |
    +------------------------+
    | 200                    |
    +------------------------+
    

    正确答案:

    CREATE FUNCTION getNthHighestSalary(N INT) RETURNS INT
    BEGIN
      set N = N - 1;
      RETURN (
          # Write your MySQL query statement below.
          IFNULL((select distinct(Salary) from Employee order by Salary desc limit N, 1), null)
      );
    END
    

    8、小美是一所中学的信息科技老师,她有一张 seat 座位表,平时用来储存学生名字和与他们相对应的座位 id。 其中纵列的 id 是连续递增的 小美想改变相邻俩学生的座位。 你能不能帮她写一个 SQL query 来输出小美想要的结果呢?

    示例:

    +---------+---------+
    |    id   | student |
    +---------+---------+
    |    1    | Abbot   |
    |    2    | Doris   |
    |    3    | Emerson |
    |    4    | Green   |
    |    5    | Jeames  |
    +---------+---------+
    

    假如数据输入的是上表,则输出结果如下:

    +---------+---------+
    |    id   | student |
    +---------+---------+
    |    1    | Doris   |
    |    2    | Abbot   |
    |    3    | Green   |
    |    4    | Emerson |
    |    5    | Jeames  |
    +---------+---------+
    

    注意:
    如果学生人数是奇数,则不需要改变最后一个同学的座位。
    正确答案:

    SELECT (CASE 
                WHEN MOD(id,2) = 1 AND id = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM seat) THEN id
                WHEN MOD(id,2) = 1 THEN id+1
                ElSE id-1
            END) AS id, student
    FROM seat
    ORDER BY id;
    

    9、给定一个 Weather 表,编写一个 SQL 查询,来查找与之前(昨天的)日期相比温度更高的所有日期的 Id。

    +---------+------------------+------------------+
    | Id(INT) | RecordDate(DATE) | Temperature(INT) |
    +---------+------------------+------------------+
    |       1 |       2015-01-01 |               10 |
    |       2 |       2015-01-02 |               25 |
    |       3 |       2015-01-03 |               20 |
    |       4 |       2015-01-04 |               30 |
    +---------+------------------+------------------+
    

    例如,根据上述给定的 Weather 表格,返回如下 Id:

    +----+
    | Id |
    +----+
    |  2 |
    |  4 |
    +----+
    

    正确答案:

    select w1.Id from
    Weather w1 left join Weather w2
    on DATEDIFF(w1.RecordDate, w2.RecordDate) = 1
    where w1.Temperature > w2.Temperature;
    

    10、编写一个 SQL 查询,找出每个部门工资最高的员工。

    Employee 表包含所有员工信息,每个员工有其对应的 Id, salary 和 department Id。

    +----+-------+--------+--------------+
    | Id | Name  | Salary | DepartmentId |
    +----+-------+--------+--------------+
    | 1  | Joe   | 70000  | 1            |
    | 2  | Henry | 80000  | 2            |
    | 3  | Sam   | 60000  | 2            |
    | 4  | Max   | 90000  | 1            |
    +----+-------+--------+--------------+
    

    Department 表包含公司所有部门的信息。

    +----+----------+
    | Id | Name     |
    +----+----------+
    | 1  | IT       |
    | 2  | Sales    |
    +----+----------+
    

    编写一个 SQL 查询,找出每个部门工资最高的员工。例如,根据上述给定的表格,Max 在 IT 部门有最高工资,Henry 在 Sales 部门有最高工资。

    +------------+----------+--------+
    | Department | Employee | Salary |
    +------------+----------+--------+
    | IT         | Max      | 90000  |
    | Sales      | Henry    | 80000  |
    +------------+----------+--------+
    

    正确答案:

    select d.Name as Department, e.Name as Employee, e.Salary as Salary from Employee e 
    inner join Department d 
    on e.DepartmentId = d.Id 
    where e.Salary >= (select max(Salary) from Employee where DepartmentId = e.DepartmentId);
    

    11、编写一个 SQL 查询,满足条件:无论 person 是否有地址信息,都需要基于上述两表提供 person 的以下信息

    表1: Person

    +-------------+---------+
    | 列名         | 类型     |
    +-------------+---------+
    | PersonId    | int     |
    | FirstName   | varchar |
    | LastName    | varchar |
    +-------------+---------+
    

    PersonId 是上表主键

    表2: Address

    +-------------+---------+
    | 列名         | 类型    |
    +-------------+---------+
    | AddressId   | int     |
    | PersonId    | int     |
    | City        | varchar |
    | State       | varchar |
    +-------------+---------+
    

    AddressId 是上表主键

    编写一个 SQL 查询,满足条件:无论 person 是否有地址信息,都需要基于上述两表提供 person 的以下信息:

    FirstName, LastName, City, State

    正确答案:

    select p.FirstName, p.LastName, a.City, a.State from Person p left join Address a on p.PersonId = a.PersonId;
    

    12、给定一个 salary 表,如下所示,有 m = 男性 和 f = 女性 的值。交换所有的 f 和 m 值(例如,将所有 f 值更改为 m,反之亦然)。要求只使用一个更新(Update)语句,并且没有中间的临时表。

    注意,您必只能写一个 Update 语句,请不要编写任何 Select 语句。
    例如:

    | id | name | sex | salary |
    |----|------|-----|--------|
    | 1  | A    | m   | 2500   |
    | 2  | B    | f   | 1500   |
    | 3  | C    | m   | 5500   |
    | 4  | D    | f   | 500    |
    

    运行你所编写的更新语句之后,将会得到以下表:

    | id | name | sex | salary |
    |----|------|-----|--------|
    | 1  | A    | f   | 2500   |
    | 2  | B    | m   | 1500   |
    | 3  | C    | f   | 5500   |
    | 4  | D    | m   | 500    |
    

    正确答案:

    update salary set sex = case sex 
    when 'f' then 'm'
    when 'm' then 'f' end
    

    13、编写一个SQL查询,输出表中所有大国家的名称、人口和面积。

    这里有张 World 表

    +-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
    | name            | continent  | area       | population   | gdp           |
    +-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
    | Afghanistan     | Asia       | 652230     | 25500100     | 20343000      |
    | Albania         | Europe     | 28748      | 2831741      | 12960000      |
    | Algeria         | Africa     | 2381741    | 37100000     | 188681000     |
    | Andorra         | Europe     | 468        | 78115        | 3712000       |
    | Angola          | Africa     | 1246700    | 20609294     | 100990000     |
    +-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
    

    如果一个国家的面积超过300万平方公里,或者人口超过2500万,那么这个国家就是大国家。
    编写一个SQL查询,输出表中所有大国家的名称、人口和面积。
    例如,根据上表,我们应该输出:

    +--------------+-------------+--------------+
    | name         | population  | area         |
    +--------------+-------------+--------------+
    | Afghanistan  | 25500100    | 652230       |
    | Algeria      | 37100000    | 2381741      |
    +--------------+-------------+--------------+
    

    正确答案:

    select name, population, area from World where area > 3000000 or population > 25000000;
    

    14、编写一个 SQL 查询,来删除 Person 表中所有重复的电子邮箱,重复的邮箱里只保留 Id 最小 的那个。

    +----+------------------+
    | Id | Email            |
    +----+------------------+
    | 1  | john@example.com |
    | 2  | bob@example.com  |
    | 3  | john@example.com |
    +----+------------------+
    

    Id 是这个表的主键。

    例如,在运行你的查询语句之后,上面的 Person 表应返回以下几行:

    +----+------------------+
    | Id | Email            |
    +----+------------------+
    | 1  | john@example.com |
    | 2  | bob@example.com  |
    +----+------------------+
    

    正确答案:

    delete from Person where Id not in(select Id from ( select min(Id) Id,Email from Person group by Email)t)
    

    15、编写一个 SQL 查询,找出每个部门工资前三高的员工。

    Employee 表包含所有员工信息,每个员工有其对应的 Id, salary 和 department Id 。

    +----+-------+--------+--------------+
    | Id | Name  | Salary | DepartmentId |
    +----+-------+--------+--------------+
    | 1  | Joe   | 70000  | 1            |
    | 2  | Henry | 80000  | 2            |
    | 3  | Sam   | 60000  | 2            |
    | 4  | Max   | 90000  | 1            |
    | 5  | Janet | 69000  | 1            |
    | 6  | Randy | 85000  | 1            |
    +----+-------+--------+--------------+
    

    Department 表包含公司所有部门的信息。

    +----+----------+
    | Id | Name     |
    +----+----------+
    | 1  | IT       |
    | 2  | Sales    |
    +----+----------+
    

    编写一个 SQL 查询,找出每个部门工资前三高的员工。例如,根据上述给定的表格,查询结果应返回:

    +------------+----------+--------+
    | Department | Employee | Salary |
    +------------+----------+--------+
    | IT         | Max      | 90000  |
    | IT         | Randy    | 85000  |
    | IT         | Joe      | 70000  |
    | Sales      | Henry    | 80000  |
    | Sales      | Sam      | 60000  |
    +------------+----------+--------+
    

    正确答案

    select d.name as Department, e.name as Employee, e.Salary as Salary from Employee e inner join Department d 
    on e.DepartmentId = d.Id
    WHERE (
        SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Salary)
        FROM Employee AS e1
        WHERE e.DepartmentId = e1.DepartmentId
        AND e1.Salary >= e.Salary
    ) <= 3
    order by e.DepartmentId asc, e.Salary desc;
    

    16、编写一个 SQL 查询,获取 Employee 表中第二高的薪水(Salary) 。

    +----+--------+
    | Id | Salary |
    +----+--------+
    | 1  | 100    |
    | 2  | 200    |
    | 3  | 300    |
    +----+--------+
    

    例如上述 Employee 表,SQL查询应该返回 200 作为第二高的薪水。如果不存在第二高的薪水,那么查询应返回 null。

    +---------------------+
    | SecondHighestSalary |
    +---------------------+
    | 200                 |
    +---------------------+
    

    正确答案:

    select IFNULL((select distinct(Salary) from Employee order by Salary desc limit 1, 1), null) as SecondHighestSalary;
    

    17、某城市开了一家新的电影院,吸引了很多人过来看电影。该电影院特别注意用户体验,专门有个 LED显示板做电影推荐,上面公布着影评和相关电影描述。 作为该电影院的信息部主管,您需要编写一个 SQL查询,找出所有影片描述为非 boring (不无聊) 的并且 id 为奇数 的影片,结果请按等级 rating 排列。

    例如,下表 cinema:

    +---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
    |   id    | movie     |  description |  rating   |
    +---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
    |   1     | War       |   great 3D   |   8.9     |
    |   2     | Science   |   fiction    |   8.5     |
    |   3     | irish     |   boring     |   6.2     |
    |   4     | Ice song  |   Fantacy    |   8.6     |
    |   5     | House card|   Interesting|   9.1     |
    +---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
    

    对于上面的例子,则正确的输出是为:

    +---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
    |   id    | movie     |  description |  rating   |
    +---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
    |   5     | House card|   Interesting|   9.1     |
    |   1     | War       |   great 3D   |   8.9     |
    +---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
    

    正确答案:

    select * from cinema where description != 'boring' and mod(id, 2) = 1 order by rating desc; 
    

    18、有一个courses 表 ,有: student (学生) 和 class (课程)。

    请列出所有超过或等于5名学生的课。
    例如,表:

    +---------+------------+
    | student | class      |
    +---------+------------+
    | A       | Math       |
    | B       | English    |
    | C       | Math       |
    | D       | Biology    |
    | E       | Math       |
    | F       | Computer   |
    | G       | Math       |
    | H       | Math       |
    | I       | Math       |
    +---------+------------+
    

    应该输出:

    +---------+
    | class   |
    +---------+
    | Math    |
    +---------+
    

    Note:
    学生在每个课中不应被重复计算。

    正确答案:

    select class from courses group by class having count(distinct(student)) >= 5;
    

    19、Trips 表中存所有出租车的行程信息。每段行程有唯一键 Id,Client_Id 和 Driver_Id 是 Users 表中 Users_Id 的外键。Status 是枚举类型,枚举成员为 (‘completed’, ‘cancelled_by_driver’, ‘cancelled_by_client’)。

    +----+-----------+-----------+---------+--------------------+----------+
    | Id | Client_Id | Driver_Id | City_Id |        Status      |Request_at|
    +----+-----------+-----------+---------+--------------------+----------+
    | 1  |     1     |    10     |    1    |     completed      |2013-10-01|
    | 2  |     2     |    11     |    1    | cancelled_by_driver|2013-10-01|
    | 3  |     3     |    12     |    6    |     completed      |2013-10-01|
    | 4  |     4     |    13     |    6    | cancelled_by_client|2013-10-01|
    | 5  |     1     |    10     |    1    |     completed      |2013-10-02|
    | 6  |     2     |    11     |    6    |     completed      |2013-10-02|
    | 7  |     3     |    12     |    6    |     completed      |2013-10-02|
    | 8  |     2     |    12     |    12   |     completed      |2013-10-03|
    | 9  |     3     |    10     |    12   |     completed      |2013-10-03| 
    | 10 |     4     |    13     |    12   | cancelled_by_driver|2013-10-03|
    +----+-----------+-----------+---------+--------------------+----------+
    

    Users 表存所有用户。每个用户有唯一键 Users_Id。Banned 表示这个用户是否被禁止,Role 则是一个表示(‘client’, ‘driver’, ‘partner’)的枚举类型。

    +----------+--------+--------+
    | Users_Id | Banned |  Role  |
    +----------+--------+--------+
    |    1     |   No   | client |
    |    2     |   Yes  | client |
    |    3     |   No   | client |
    |    4     |   No   | client |
    |    10    |   No   | driver |
    |    11    |   No   | driver |
    |    12    |   No   | driver |
    |    13    |   No   | driver |
    +----------+--------+--------+
    

    写一段 SQL 语句查出 2013年10月1日 至 2013年10月3日 期间非禁止用户的取消率。基于上表,你的 SQL 语句应返回如下结果,取消率(Cancellation Rate)保留两位小数。

    +------------+-------------------+
    |     Day    | Cancellation Rate |
    +------------+-------------------+
    | 2013-10-01 |       0.33        |
    | 2013-10-02 |       0.00        |
    | 2013-10-03 |       0.50        |
    +------------+-------------------+
    

    正确答案

    select
        Request_at as 'Day', round(count(case when Status='cancelled_by_driver' or Status='cancelled_by_client' then 1 end)/ count(Id), 2) as 'Cancellation Rate' 
    from 
        Trips t
    where
        t.Client_Id not in (select Users_Id from Users where Banned='Yes')
    and
        t.Driver_Id not in (select Users_Id from Users where Banned='Yes')
    and
        Request_at >= '2013-10-01' and Request_at <= '2013-10-03'
    group by 
        Request_at;
    

    20、编写一个 SQL 查询,查找 Person 表中所有重复的电子邮箱。

    示例:

    +----+---------+
    | Id | Email   |
    +----+---------+
    | 1  | a@b.com |
    | 2  | c@d.com |
    | 3  | a@b.com |
    +----+---------+
    

    根据以上输入,你的查询应返回以下结果:

    +---------+
    | Email   |
    +---------+
    | a@b.com |
    +---------+
    

    说明:所有电子邮箱都是小写字母。

    正确答案:

    select p.Email from Person p group by p.Email having count(p.Email) > 1
    

    21、X 市建了一个新的体育馆,每日人流量信息被记录在这三列信息中:序号 (id)、日期 (date)、 人流量 (people)。

    请编写一个查询语句,找出高峰期时段,要求连续三天及以上,并且每天人流量均不少于100。
    例如,表 stadium:

    +------+------------+-----------+
    | id   | date       | people    |
    +------+------------+-----------+
    | 1    | 2017-01-01 | 10        |
    | 2    | 2017-01-02 | 109       |
    | 3    | 2017-01-03 | 150       |
    | 4    | 2017-01-04 | 99        |
    | 5    | 2017-01-05 | 145       |
    | 6    | 2017-01-06 | 1455      |
    | 7    | 2017-01-07 | 199       |
    | 8    | 2017-01-08 | 188       |
    +------+------------+-----------+
    

    对于上面的示例数据,输出为:

    +------+------------+-----------+
    | id   | date       | people    |
    +------+------------+-----------+
    | 5    | 2017-01-05 | 145       |
    | 6    | 2017-01-06 | 1455      |
    | 7    | 2017-01-07 | 199       |
    | 8    | 2017-01-08 | 188       |
    +------+------------+-----------+
    

    Note:
    每天只有一行记录,日期随着 id 的增加而增加。

    正确答案:

    select distinct a.* from stadium a, stadium b, stadium c
    where a.people >=100 and b.people >= 100 and c.people >= 100
    and (
        (a.id = b.id - 1 and b.id = c.id - 1) or
        (a.id = b.id - 1 and a.id = c.id + 1) or
        (a.id = b.id + 1 and b.id = c.id + 1)
    ) order by a.id
    

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