这一小节主要介绍函数build_index_paths中的子函数create_index_path，该函数实现了索引扫描成本的估算主逻辑。
一、数据结构
IndexOptInfo
回顾IndexOptInfo索引信息结构体
typedef struct IndexOptInfo
{
NodeTag type;
Oid indexoid; /* Index的OID,OID of the index relation */
Oid reltablespace; /* Index的表空间,tablespace of index (not table) */
RelOptInfo *rel; /* 指向Relation的指针,back-link to index's table */
/* index-size statistics (from pg_class and elsewhere) */
BlockNumber pages; /* Index的pages,number of disk pages in index */
double tuples; /* Index的元组数,number of index tuples in index */
int tree_height; /* 索引高度,index tree height, or -1 if unknown */
/* index descriptor information */
int ncolumns; /* 索引的列数,number of columns in index */
int nkeycolumns; /* 索引的关键列数,number of key columns in index */
int *indexkeys; /* column numbers of index's attributes both
* key and included columns, or 0 */
Oid *indexcollations; /* OIDs of collations of index columns */
Oid *opfamily; /* OIDs of operator families for columns */
Oid *opcintype; /* OIDs of opclass declared input data types */
Oid *sortopfamily; /* OIDs of btree opfamilies, if orderable */
bool *reverse_sort; /* 倒序?is sort order descending? */
bool *nulls_first; /* NULLs值优先?do NULLs come first in the sort order? */
bool *canreturn; /* 索引列可通过Index-Only Scan返回?which index cols can be returned in an
* index-only scan? */
Oid relam; /* 访问方法OID,OID of the access method (in pg_am) */
List *indexprs; /* 非简单索引列表达式链表,如函数索引,expressions for non-simple index columns */
List *indpred; /* 部分索引的谓词链表,predicate if a partial index, else NIL */
List *indextlist; /* 索引列(TargetEntry结构体链表),targetlist representing index columns */
List *indrestrictinfo; /* 父关系的baserestrictinfo列表，
* 不包含索引谓词隐含的所有条件
* (除非是目标rel，请参阅check_index_predicates()中的注释),
* parent relation's baserestrictinfo
* list, less any conditions implied by
* the index's predicate (unless it's a
* target rel, see comments in
* check_index_predicates()) */
bool predOK; /* True,如索引谓词满足查询要求,true if index predicate matches query */
bool unique; /* 是否唯一索引,true if a unique index */
bool immediate; /* 唯一性校验是否立即生效,is uniqueness enforced immediately? */
bool hypothetical; /* 是否虚拟索引,true if index doesn't really exist */
/* Remaining fields are copied from the index AM's API struct: */
//从Index Relation拷贝过来的AM(访问方法)API信息
bool amcanorderbyop; /* does AM support order by operator result? */
bool amoptionalkey; /* can query omit key for the first column? */
bool amsearcharray; /* can AM handle ScalarArrayOpExpr quals? */
bool amsearchnulls; /* can AM search for NULL/NOT NULL entries? */
bool amhasgettuple; /* does AM have amgettuple interface? */
bool amhasgetbitmap; /* does AM have amgetbitmap interface? */
bool amcanparallel; /* does AM support parallel scan? */
/* Rather than include amapi.h here, we declare amcostestimate like this */
void (*amcostestimate) (); /* 访问方法的估算函数,AM's cost estimator */
} IndexOptInfo;
Cost相关
注意:实际使用的参数值通过系统配置文件定义,而不是这里的常量定义!
typedef double Cost; /* execution cost (in page-access units) */
/* defaults for costsize.c's Cost parameters */
/* NB: cost-estimation code should use the variables, not these constants! */
/* 注意:实际值通过系统配置文件定义,而不是这里的常量定义! */
/* If you change these, update backend/utils/misc/postgresql.sample.conf */
#define DEFAULT_SEQ_PAGE_COST 1.0 //顺序扫描page的成本
#define DEFAULT_RANDOM_PAGE_COST 4.0 //随机扫描page的成本
#define DEFAULT_CPU_TUPLE_COST 0.01 //处理一个元组的CPU成本
#define DEFAULT_CPU_INDEX_TUPLE_COST 0.005 //处理一个索引元组的CPU成本
#define DEFAULT_CPU_OPERATOR_COST 0.0025 //执行一次操作或函数的CPU成本
#define DEFAULT_PARALLEL_TUPLE_COST 0.1 //并行执行,从一个worker传输一个元组到另一个worker的成本
#define DEFAULT_PARALLEL_SETUP_COST 1000.0 //构建并行执行环境的成本
#define DEFAULT_EFFECTIVE_CACHE_SIZE 524288 /*先前已有介绍, measured in pages */
double seq_page_cost = DEFAULT_SEQ_PAGE_COST;
double random_page_cost = DEFAULT_RANDOM_PAGE_COST;
double cpu_tuple_cost = DEFAULT_CPU_TUPLE_COST;
double cpu_index_tuple_cost = DEFAULT_CPU_INDEX_TUPLE_COST;
double cpu_operator_cost = DEFAULT_CPU_OPERATOR_COST;
double parallel_tuple_cost = DEFAULT_PARALLEL_TUPLE_COST;
double parallel_setup_cost = DEFAULT_PARALLEL_SETUP_COST;
int effective_cache_size = DEFAULT_EFFECTIVE_CACHE_SIZE;
Cost disable_cost = 1.0e10;//1后面10个0,通过设置一个巨大的成本,让优化器自动放弃此路径
int max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 2;//每次gather使用的worker数
二、源码解读
create_index_path
该函数创建索引扫描路径节点,其中调用函数cost_index计算索引扫描成本.
//----------------------------------------------- create_index_path
/*
* create_index_path
* Creates a path node for an index scan.
* 创建索引扫描路径节点
*
* 'index' is a usable index.
* 'indexclauses' is a list of RestrictInfo nodes representing clauses
* to be used as index qual conditions in the scan.
* 'indexclausecols' is an integer list of index column numbers (zero based)
* the indexclauses can be used with.
* 'indexorderbys' is a list of bare expressions (no RestrictInfos)
* to be used as index ordering operators in the scan.
* 'indexorderbycols' is an integer list of index column numbers (zero based)
* the ordering operators can be used with.
* 'pathkeys' describes the ordering of the path.
* 'indexscandir' is ForwardScanDirection or BackwardScanDirection
* for an ordered index, or NoMovementScanDirection for
* an unordered index.
* 'indexonly' is true if an index-only scan is wanted.
* 'required_outer' is the set of outer relids for a parameterized path.
* 'loop_count' is the number of repetitions of the indexscan to factor into
* estimates of caching behavior.
* 'partial_path' is true if constructing a parallel index scan path.
*
* Returns the new path node.
*/
IndexPath *
create_index_path(PlannerInfo *root,//优化器信息
IndexOptInfo *index,//索引信息
List *indexclauses,//索引约束条件链表
List *indexclausecols,//索引约束条件列编号链表,与indexclauses一一对应
List *indexorderbys,//ORDER BY原始表达式链表
List *indexorderbycols,//ORDER BY列编号链表
List *pathkeys,//排序路径键
ScanDirection indexscandir,//扫描方向
bool indexonly,//纯索引扫描?
Relids required_outer,//需依赖的外部Relids
double loop_count,//用于估计缓存的重复次数
bool partial_path)//是否并行索引扫描
{
IndexPath *pathnode = makeNode(IndexPath);//构建节点
RelOptInfo *rel = index->rel;//索引对应的Rel
List *indexquals,
*indexqualcols;
pathnode->path.pathtype = indexonly ? T_IndexOnlyScan : T_IndexScan;//路径类型
pathnode->path.parent = rel;//Relation
pathnode->path.pathtarget = rel->reltarget;//路径最终的投影列
pathnode->path.param_info = get_baserel_parampathinfo(root, rel,
required_outer);//参数化信息
pathnode->path.parallel_aware = false;//
pathnode->path.parallel_safe = rel->consider_parallel;//是否并行
pathnode->path.parallel_workers = 0;//worker数目
pathnode->path.pathkeys = pathkeys;//排序路径键
/* Convert clauses to the executor can handle */
//转换条件子句(clauses)为执行器可处理的索引表达式(indexquals)
expand_indexqual_conditions(index, indexclauses, indexclausecols,
&indexquals, &indexqualcols);
/* 填充路径节点信息,Fill in the pathnode */
pathnode->indexinfo = index;
pathnode->indexclauses = indexclauses;
pathnode->indexquals = indexquals;
pathnode->indexqualcols = indexqualcols;
pathnode->indexorderbys = indexorderbys;
pathnode->indexorderbycols = indexorderbycols;
pathnode->indexscandir = indexscandir;
cost_index(pathnode, root, loop_count, partial_path);//估算成本
return pathnode;
}
//------------------------------------ expand_indexqual_conditions
/*
* expand_indexqual_conditions
* Given a list of RestrictInfo nodes, produce a list of directly usable
* index qual clauses.
* 给定RestrictInfo节点(约束条件),产生直接可用的索引表达式子句
*
* Standard qual clauses (those in the index's opfamily) are passed through
* unchanged. Boolean clauses and "special" index operators are expanded
* into clauses that the indexscan machinery will know what to do with.
* RowCompare clauses are simplified if necessary to create a clause that is
* fully checkable by the index.
* 标准的条件子句(位于索引opfamily中)可不作修改直接使用.
* 布尔子句和"special"索引操作符扩展为索引扫描执行器可以处理的子句.
* 如需要，RowCompare子句将简化为可由索引完全检查的子句。
*
* In addition to the expressions themselves, there are auxiliary lists
* of the index column numbers that the clauses are meant to be used with;
* we generate an updated column number list for the result. (This is not
* the identical list because one input clause sometimes produces more than
* one output clause.)
* 除了表达式本身之外，还有索引列号的辅助链表，这些子句将使用这些列号.这些列号
* 将被更新用于结果返回(不是相同的链表，因为一个输入子句有时会产生多个输出子句。).
*
* The input clauses are sorted by column number, and so the output is too.
* (This is depended on in various places in both planner and executor.)
* 输入子句通过列号排序,输出子句也是如此.
*/
void
expand_indexqual_conditions(IndexOptInfo *index,
List *indexclauses, List *indexclausecols,
List **indexquals_p, List **indexqualcols_p)
{
List *indexquals = NIL;
List *indexqualcols = NIL;
ListCell *lcc,
*lci;
forboth(lcc, indexclauses, lci, indexclausecols)//扫描索引子句链表和匹配的列号
{
RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(lcc);
int indexcol = lfirst_int(lci);
Expr *clause = rinfo->clause;//条件子句
Oid curFamily;
Oid curCollation;
Assert(indexcol < index->nkeycolumns);
curFamily = index->opfamily[indexcol];//索引列的opfamily
curCollation = index->indexcollations[indexcol];//排序规则
/* First check for boolean cases */
if (IsBooleanOpfamily(curFamily))//布尔
{
Expr *boolqual;
boolqual = expand_boolean_index_clause((Node *) clause,
indexcol,
index);//布尔表达式
if (boolqual)
{
indexquals = lappend(indexquals,
make_simple_restrictinfo(boolqual));//添加到结果中
indexqualcols = lappend_int(indexqualcols, indexcol);//列号
continue;
}
}
/*
* Else it must be an opclause (usual case), ScalarArrayOp,
* RowCompare, or NullTest
*/
if (is_opclause(clause))//普通的操作符子句
{
indexquals = list_concat(indexquals,
expand_indexqual_opclause(rinfo,
curFamily,
curCollation));//合并到结果链表中
/* expand_indexqual_opclause can produce multiple clauses */
while (list_length(indexqualcols) < list_length(indexquals))
indexqualcols = lappend_int(indexqualcols, indexcol);
}
else if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))//ScalarArrayOpExpr
{
/* no extra work at this time */
indexquals = lappend(indexquals, rinfo);
indexqualcols = lappend_int(indexqualcols, indexcol);
}
else if (IsA(clause, RowCompareExpr))//RowCompareExpr
{
indexquals = lappend(indexquals,
expand_indexqual_rowcompare(rinfo,
index,
indexcol));
indexqualcols = lappend_int(indexqualcols, indexcol);
}
else if (IsA(clause, NullTest))//NullTest
{
Assert(index->amsearchnulls);
indexquals = lappend(indexquals, rinfo);
indexqualcols = lappend_int(indexqualcols, indexcol);
}
else
elog(ERROR, "unsupported indexqual type: %d",
(int) nodeTag(clause));
}
*indexquals_p = indexquals;//结果赋值
*indexqualcols_p = indexqualcols;
}
//------------------------------------ cost_index
/*
* cost_index
* Determines and returns the cost of scanning a relation using an index.
* 确定和返回索引扫描的成本
*
* 'path' describes the indexscan under consideration, and is complete
* except for the fields to be set by this routine
* path-位于考虑之列的索引扫描路径,除了本例程要设置的字段外其他信息已完整.
*
* 'loop_count' is the number of repetitions of the indexscan to factor into
* estimates of caching behavior
* loop_count-用于估计缓存的重复次数
*
* In addition to rows, startup_cost and total_cost, cost_index() sets the
* path's indextotalcost and indexselectivity fields. These values will be
* needed if the IndexPath is used in a BitmapIndexScan.
* 除了行、startup_cost和total_cost之外，函数cost_index
* 还设置了访问路径的indextotalcost和indexselectivity字段。
* 如果在位图索引扫描中使用IndexPath，则需要这些值。
*
* NOTE: path->indexquals must contain only clauses usable as index
* restrictions. Any additional quals evaluated as qpquals may reduce the
* number of returned tuples, but they won't reduce the number of tuples
* we have to fetch from the table, so they don't reduce the scan cost.
* 注意:path->indexquals必须仅包含用作索引约束条件的子句。任何作为qpquals评估的
* 额外条件可能会减少返回元组的数量，但它们不会减少必须从表中获取的元组
* 数量，因此它们不会降低扫描成本。
*/
void
cost_index(IndexPath *path, PlannerInfo *root, double loop_count,
bool partial_path)
{
IndexOptInfo *index = path->indexinfo;//索引信息
RelOptInfo *baserel = index->rel;//RelOptInfo信息
bool indexonly = (path->path.pathtype == T_IndexOnlyScan);//是否纯索引扫描
amcostestimate_function amcostestimate;//索引访问方法成本估算函数
List *qpquals;//qpquals链表
Cost startup_cost = 0;//启动成本
Cost run_cost = 0;//执行成本
Cost cpu_run_cost = 0;//cpu执行成本
Cost indexStartupCost;//索引启动成本
Cost indexTotalCost;//索引总成本
Selectivity indexSelectivity;//选择率
double indexCorrelation,//
csquared;//
double spc_seq_page_cost,
spc_random_page_cost;
Cost min_IO_cost,//最小IO成本
max_IO_cost;//最大IO成本
QualCost qpqual_cost;//表达式成本
Cost cpu_per_tuple;//每个tuple处理成本
double tuples_fetched;//取得的元组数量
double pages_fetched;//取得的page数量
double rand_heap_pages;//随机访问的堆page数量
double index_pages;//索引page数量
/* Should only be applied to base relations */
Assert(IsA(baserel, RelOptInfo) &&
IsA(index, IndexOptInfo));
Assert(baserel->relid > 0);
Assert(baserel->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);
/*
* Mark the path with the correct row estimate, and identify which quals
* will need to be enforced as qpquals. We need not check any quals that
* are implied by the index's predicate, so we can use indrestrictinfo not
* baserestrictinfo as the list of relevant restriction clauses for the
* rel.
*/
if (path->path.param_info)//存在参数化信息
{
path->path.rows = path->path.param_info->ppi_rows;
/* qpquals come from the rel's restriction clauses and ppi_clauses */
qpquals = list_concat(
extract_nonindex_conditions(path->indexinfo->indrestrictinfo,
path->indexquals),
extract_nonindex_conditions(path->path.param_info->ppi_clauses,
path->indexquals));
}
else
{
path->path.rows = baserel->rows;//基表的估算行数
/* qpquals come from just the rel's restriction clauses */跑
qpquals = extract_nonindex_conditions(path->indexinfo->indrestrictinfo,
path->indexquals);//从rel的约束条件子句中获取qpquals
}
if (!enable_indexscan)
startup_cost += disable_cost;//禁用索引扫描
/* we don't need to check enable_indexonlyscan; indxpath.c does that */
/*
* Call index-access-method-specific code to estimate the processing cost
* for scanning the index, as well as the selectivity of the index (ie,
* the fraction of main-table tuples we will have to retrieve) and its
* correlation to the main-table tuple order. We need a cast here because
* relation.h uses a weak function type to avoid including amapi.h.
*/
amcostestimate = (amcostestimate_function) index->amcostestimate;//索引访问路径成本估算函数
amcostestimate(root, path, loop_count,
&indexStartupCost, &indexTotalCost,
&indexSelectivity, &indexCorrelation,
&index_pages);//调用函数btcostestimate
/*
* Save amcostestimate's results for possible use in bitmap scan planning.
* We don't bother to save indexStartupCost or indexCorrelation, because a
* bitmap scan doesn't care about either.
*/
path->indextotalcost = indexTotalCost;//赋值
path->indexselectivity = indexSelectivity;
/* all costs for touching index itself included here */
startup_cost += indexStartupCost;
run_cost += indexTotalCost - indexStartupCost;
/* estimate number of main-table tuples fetched */
tuples_fetched = clamp_row_est(indexSelectivity * baserel->tuples);//取得的元组数量
/* fetch estimated page costs for tablespace containing table */
get_tablespace_page_costs(baserel->reltablespace,
&spc_random_page_cost,
&spc_seq_page_cost);//表空间访问page成本
/*----------
* Estimate number of main-table pages fetched, and compute I/O cost.
*
* When the index ordering is uncorrelated with the table ordering,
* we use an approximation proposed by Mackert and Lohman (see
* index_pages_fetched() for details) to compute the number of pages
* fetched, and then charge spc_random_page_cost per page fetched.
*
* When the index ordering is exactly correlated with the table ordering
* (just after a CLUSTER, for example), the number of pages fetched should
* be exactly selectivity * table_size. What's more, all but the first
* will be sequential fetches, not the random fetches that occur in the
* uncorrelated case. So if the number of pages is more than 1, we
* ought to charge
* spc_random_page_cost + (pages_fetched - 1) * spc_seq_page_cost
* For partially-correlated indexes, we ought to charge somewhere between
* these two estimates. We currently interpolate linearly between the
* estimates based on the correlation squared (XXX is that appropriate?).
*
* If it's an index-only scan, then we will not need to fetch any heap
* pages for which the visibility map shows all tuples are visible.
* Hence, reduce the estimated number of heap fetches accordingly.
* We use the measured fraction of the entire heap that is all-visible,
* which might not be particularly relevant to the subset of the heap
* that this query will fetch; but it's not clear how to do better.
*----------
*/
if (loop_count > 1)//次数 > 1
{
/*
* For repeated indexscans, the appropriate estimate for the
* uncorrelated case is to scale up the number of tuples fetched in
* the Mackert and Lohman formula by the number of scans, so that we
* estimate the number of pages fetched by all the scans; then
* pro-rate the costs for one scan. In this case we assume all the
* fetches are random accesses.
*/
pages_fetched = index_pages_fetched(tuples_fetched * loop_count,
baserel->pages,
(double) index->pages,
root);
if (indexonly)
pages_fetched = ceil(pages_fetched * (1.0 - baserel->allvisfrac));
rand_heap_pages = pages_fetched;
max_IO_cost = (pages_fetched * spc_random_page_cost) / loop_count;
/*
* In the perfectly correlated case, the number of pages touched by
* each scan is selectivity * table_size, and we can use the Mackert
* and Lohman formula at the page level to estimate how much work is
* saved by caching across scans. We still assume all the fetches are
* random, though, which is an overestimate that's hard to correct for
* without double-counting the cache effects. (But in most cases
* where such a plan is actually interesting, only one page would get
* fetched per scan anyway, so it shouldn't matter much.)
*/
pages_fetched = ceil(indexSelectivity * (double) baserel->pages);
pages_fetched = index_pages_fetched(pages_fetched * loop_count,
baserel->pages,
(double) index->pages,
root);
if (indexonly)
pages_fetched = ceil(pages_fetched * (1.0 - baserel->allvisfrac));
min_IO_cost = (pages_fetched * spc_random_page_cost) / loop_count;
}
else //次数 <= 1
{
/*
* Normal case: apply the Mackert and Lohman formula, and then
* interpolate between that and the correlation-derived result.
*/
pages_fetched = index_pages_fetched(tuples_fetched,
baserel->pages,
(double) index->pages,
root);//取得的page数量
if (indexonly)
pages_fetched = ceil(pages_fetched * (1.0 - baserel->allvisfrac));//纯索引扫描
rand_heap_pages = pages_fetched;//随机访问的堆page数量
/* max_IO_cost is for the perfectly uncorrelated case (csquared=0) */
//最大IO成本,假定所有的page都是随机访问获得(csquared=0)
max_IO_cost = pages_fetched * spc_random_page_cost;
/* min_IO_cost is for the perfectly correlated case (csquared=1) */
//最小IO成本,假定索引和堆数据都是顺序存储(csquared=1)
pages_fetched = ceil(indexSelectivity * (double) baserel->pages);
if (indexonly)
pages_fetched = ceil(pages_fetched * (1.0 - baserel->allvisfrac));
if (pages_fetched > 0)
{
min_IO_cost = spc_random_page_cost;
if (pages_fetched > 1)
min_IO_cost += (pages_fetched - 1) * spc_seq_page_cost;
}
else
min_IO_cost = 0;
}
if (partial_path)//并行
{
/*
* For index only scans compute workers based on number of index pages
* fetched; the number of heap pages we fetch might be so small as to
* effectively rule out parallelism, which we don't want to do.
*/
if (indexonly)
rand_heap_pages = -1;
/*
* Estimate the number of parallel workers required to scan index. Use
* the number of heap pages computed considering heap fetches won't be
* sequential as for parallel scans the pages are accessed in random
* order.
*/
path->path.parallel_workers = compute_parallel_worker(baserel,
rand_heap_pages,
index_pages,
max_parallel_workers_per_gather);
/*
* Fall out if workers can't be assigned for parallel scan, because in
* such a case this path will be rejected. So there is no benefit in
* doing extra computation.
*/
if (path->path.parallel_workers <= 0)
return;
path->path.parallel_aware = true;
}
/*
* Now interpolate based on estimated index order correlation to get total
* disk I/O cost for main table accesses.
* 根据估算的索引顺序关联来插值，以获得主表访问的总I/O成本
*/
csquared = indexCorrelation * indexCorrelation;
run_cost += max_IO_cost + csquared * (min_IO_cost - max_IO_cost);
/*
* Estimate CPU costs per tuple.
* 估算处理每个元组的CPU成本
*
* What we want here is cpu_tuple_cost plus the evaluation costs of any
* qual clauses that we have to evaluate as qpquals.
*/
cost_qual_eval(&qpqual_cost, qpquals, root);
startup_cost += qpqual_cost.startup;
cpu_per_tuple = cpu_tuple_cost + qpqual_cost.per_tuple;
cpu_run_cost += cpu_per_tuple * tuples_fetched;
/* tlist eval costs are paid per output row, not per tuple scanned */
startup_cost += path->path.pathtarget->cost.startup;
cpu_run_cost += path->path.pathtarget->cost.per_tuple * path->path.rows;
/* Adjust costing for parallelism, if used. */
if (path->path.parallel_workers > 0)
{
double parallel_divisor = get_parallel_divisor(&path->path);
path->path.rows = clamp_row_est(path->path.rows / parallel_divisor);
/* The CPU cost is divided among all the workers. */
cpu_run_cost /= parallel_divisor;
}
run_cost += cpu_run_cost;
path->path.startup_cost = startup_cost;
path->path.total_cost = startup_cost + run_cost;
}
//------------------------- btcostestimate
void
btcostestimate(PlannerInfo *root, IndexPath *path, double loop_count,
Cost *indexStartupCost, Cost *indexTotalCost,
Selectivity *indexSelectivity, double *indexCorrelation,
double *indexPages)
{
IndexOptInfo *index = path->indexinfo;
List *qinfos;
GenericCosts costs;
Oid relid;
AttrNumber colnum;
VariableStatData vardata;
double numIndexTuples;
Cost descentCost;
List *indexBoundQuals;
int indexcol;
bool eqQualHere;
bool found_saop;
bool found_is_null_op;
double num_sa_scans;
ListCell *lc;
/* Do preliminary analysis of indexquals */
qinfos = deconstruct_indexquals(path);//拆解路径,生成条件链表
/*
* For a btree scan, only leading '=' quals plus inequality quals for the
* immediately next attribute contribute to index selectivity (these are
* the "boundary quals" that determine the starting and stopping points of
* the index scan). Additional quals can suppress visits to the heap, so
* it's OK to count them in indexSelectivity, but they should not count
* for estimating numIndexTuples. So we must examine the given indexquals
* to find out which ones count as boundary quals. We rely on the
* knowledge that they are given in index column order.
* 对于btree扫描，只有下一个属性的前导'='条件加上不等号条件
* 有助于索引选择性(这些是确定索引扫描起始和停止的“边界条件”)。
* 额外的条件可以抑制对堆数据的访问，所以在indexSelectivity中
* 统计它们是可以的，但是它们不应该在估算索引元组数目(索引也是元组的一种)的时
* 候统计。因此，必须检查给定的索引条件，以找出哪些被
* 算作边界条件。需依赖索引信息给出的索引列顺序进行判断.
*
* For a RowCompareExpr, we consider only the first column, just as
* rowcomparesel() does.
*
* If there's a ScalarArrayOpExpr in the quals, we'll actually perform N
* index scans not one, but the ScalarArrayOpExpr's operator can be
* considered to act the same as it normally does.
*/
indexBoundQuals = NIL;//索引边界条件
indexcol = 0;//索引列编号
eqQualHere = false;//
found_saop = false;
found_is_null_op = false;
num_sa_scans = 1;
foreach(lc, qinfos)//遍历条件链表
{
IndexQualInfo *qinfo = (IndexQualInfo *) lfirst(lc);
RestrictInfo *rinfo = qinfo->rinfo;
Expr *clause = rinfo->clause;
Oid clause_op;
int op_strategy;
if (indexcol != qinfo->indexcol)//indexcol匹配才进行后续处理
{
/* Beginning of a new column's quals */
if (!eqQualHere)
break; /* done if no '=' qual for indexcol */
eqQualHere = false;
indexcol++;
if (indexcol != qinfo->indexcol)
break; /* no quals at all for indexcol */
}
if (IsA(clause, ScalarArrayOpExpr))//ScalarArrayOpExpr
{
int alength = estimate_array_length(qinfo->other_operand);
found_saop = true;
/* count up number of SA scans induced by indexBoundQuals only */
if (alength > 1)
num_sa_scans *= alength;
}
else if (IsA(clause, NullTest))
{
NullTest *nt = (NullTest *) clause;
if (nt->nulltesttype == IS_NULL)
{
found_is_null_op = true;
/* IS NULL is like = for selectivity determination purposes */
eqQualHere = true;
}
}
/*
* We would need to commute the clause_op if not varonleft, except
* that we only care if it's equality or not, so that refinement is
* unnecessary.
*/
clause_op = qinfo->clause_op;
/* check for equality operator */
if (OidIsValid(clause_op))//普通的操作符
{
op_strategy = get_op_opfamily_strategy(clause_op,
index->opfamily[indexcol]);
Assert(op_strategy != 0); /* not a member of opfamily?? */
if (op_strategy == BTEqualStrategyNumber)
eqQualHere = true;
}
indexBoundQuals = lappend(indexBoundQuals, rinfo);
}
/*
* If index is unique and we found an '=' clause for each column, we can
* just assume numIndexTuples = 1 and skip the expensive
* clauselist_selectivity calculations. However, a ScalarArrayOp or
* NullTest invalidates that theory, even though it sets eqQualHere.
* 如果index是唯一的，并且我们为每个列找到了一个'='子句，那么可以
* 假设numIndexTuples = 1，并跳过昂贵的clauselist_selectivity计算结果。
* 这种判断不适用于ScalarArrayOp或NullTest。
*/
if (index->unique &&
indexcol == index->nkeycolumns - 1 &&
eqQualHere &&
!found_saop &&
!found_is_null_op)
numIndexTuples = 1.0;//唯一索引
else//非唯一索引
{
List *selectivityQuals;
Selectivity btreeSelectivity;//选择率
/*
* If the index is partial, AND the index predicate with the
* index-bound quals to produce a more accurate idea of the number of
* rows covered by the bound conditions.
*/
selectivityQuals = add_predicate_to_quals(index, indexBoundQuals);//添加谓词
btreeSelectivity = clauselist_selectivity(root, selectivityQuals,
index->rel->relid,
JOIN_INNER,
NULL);//获取选择率
numIndexTuples = btreeSelectivity * index->rel->tuples;//索引元组数目
/*
* As in genericcostestimate(), we have to adjust for any
* ScalarArrayOpExpr quals included in indexBoundQuals, and then round
* to integer.
*/
numIndexTuples = rint(numIndexTuples / num_sa_scans);
}
/*
* Now do generic index cost estimation.
* 执行常规的索引成本估算
*/
MemSet(&costs, 0, sizeof(costs));
costs.numIndexTuples = numIndexTuples;
genericcostestimate(root, path, loop_count, qinfos, &costs);
/*
* Add a CPU-cost component to represent the costs of initial btree
* descent. We don't charge any I/O cost for touching upper btree levels,
* since they tend to stay in cache, but we still have to do about log2(N)
* comparisons to descend a btree of N leaf tuples. We charge one
* cpu_operator_cost per comparison.
* 添加一个cpu成本组件来表示初始化BTree树层次下降的成本。
* BTree上层节点可以认为已存在于缓存中,因此不耗成本,但沿着树往下沉时,需要
* 执行log2(N)次比较(N个叶子元组的BTree)。每次比较,成本为cpu_operator_cost
*
* If there are ScalarArrayOpExprs, charge this once per SA scan. The
* ones after the first one are not startup cost so far as the overall
* plan is concerned, so add them only to "total" cost.
* 如存在ScalarArrayOpExprs,则每次SA扫描成本增加cpu_operator_cost
*/
if (index->tuples > 1) /* avoid computing log(0) */
{
descentCost = ceil(log(index->tuples) / log(2.0)) * cpu_operator_cost;
costs.indexStartupCost += descentCost;
costs.indexTotalCost += costs.num_sa_scans * descentCost;
}
/*
* Even though we're not charging I/O cost for touching upper btree pages,
* it's still reasonable to charge some CPU cost per page descended
* through. Moreover, if we had no such charge at all, bloated indexes
* would appear to have the same search cost as unbloated ones, at least
* in cases where only a single leaf page is expected to be visited. This
* cost is somewhat arbitrarily set at 50x cpu_operator_cost per page
* touched. The number of such pages is btree tree height plus one (ie,
* we charge for the leaf page too). As above, charge once per SA scan.
* BTree树往下遍历时的成本descentCost=(树高+1)*50*cpu_operator_cost
*/
descentCost = (index->tree_height + 1) * 50.0 * cpu_operator_cost;
costs.indexStartupCost += descentCost;
costs.indexTotalCost += costs.num_sa_scans * descentCost;
/*
* If we can get an estimate of the first column's ordering correlation C
* from pg_statistic, estimate the index correlation as C for a
* single-column index, or C * 0.75 for multiple columns. (The idea here
* is that multiple columns dilute the importance of the first column's
* ordering, but don't negate it entirely. Before 8.0 we divided the
* correlation by the number of columns, but that seems too strong.)
* 如果我们可以从pg_statistical中得到第一列排序相关C的估计，那么对于单列索引，
* 可以将索引相关性估计为C，对于多列，可以将其估计为C * 0.75。
* (这里的想法是，多列淡化了第一列排序的重要性，但不要完全否定它。
* 在8.0之前，我们将相关性除以列数，这种做法似乎太过了)。
*/
MemSet(&vardata, 0, sizeof(vardata));
if (index->indexkeys[0] != 0)
{
/* Simple variable --- look to stats for the underlying table */
RangeTblEntry *rte = planner_rt_fetch(index->rel->relid, root);
Assert(rte->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);
relid = rte->relid;
Assert(relid != InvalidOid);
colnum = index->indexkeys[0];
if (get_relation_stats_hook &&
(*get_relation_stats_hook) (root, rte, colnum, &vardata))
{
/*
* The hook took control of acquiring a stats tuple. If it did
* supply a tuple, it'd better have supplied a freefunc.
*/
if (HeapTupleIsValid(vardata.statsTuple) &&
!vardata.freefunc)
elog(ERROR, "no function provided to release variable stats with");
}
else
{
vardata.statsTuple = SearchSysCache3(STATRELATTINH,
ObjectIdGetDatum(relid),
Int16GetDatum(colnum),
BoolGetDatum(rte->inh));
vardata.freefunc = ReleaseSysCache;
}
}
else
{
/* Expression --- maybe there are stats for the index itself */
relid = index->indexoid;
colnum = 1;
if (get_index_stats_hook &&
(*get_index_stats_hook) (root, relid, colnum, &vardata))
{
/*
* The hook took control of acquiring a stats tuple. If it did
* supply a tuple, it'd better have supplied a freefunc.
*/
if (HeapTupleIsValid(vardata.statsTuple) &&
!vardata.freefunc)
elog(ERROR, "no function provided to release variable stats with");
}
else
{
vardata.statsTuple = SearchSysCache3(STATRELATTINH,
ObjectIdGetDatum(relid),
Int16GetDatum(colnum),
BoolGetDatum(false));
vardata.freefunc = ReleaseSysCache;
}
}
if (HeapTupleIsValid(vardata.statsTuple))
{
Oid sortop;
AttStatsSlot sslot;
sortop = get_opfamily_member(index->opfamily[0],
index->opcintype[0],
index->opcintype[0],
BTLessStrategyNumber);
if (OidIsValid(sortop) &&
get_attstatsslot(&sslot, vardata.statsTuple,
STATISTIC_KIND_CORRELATION, sortop,
ATTSTATSSLOT_NUMBERS))
{
double varCorrelation;
Assert(sslot.nnumbers == 1);
varCorrelation = sslot.numbers[0];
if (index->reverse_sort[0])
varCorrelation = -varCorrelation;
if (index->ncolumns > 1)
costs.indexCorrelation = varCorrelation * 0.75;
else
costs.indexCorrelation = varCorrelation;
free_attstatsslot(&sslot);
}
}
ReleaseVariableStats(vardata);
*indexStartupCost = costs.indexStartupCost;
*indexTotalCost = costs.indexTotalCost;
*indexSelectivity = costs.indexSelectivity;
*indexCorrelation = costs.indexCorrelation;
*indexPages = costs.numIndexPages;
}
//------------------------- index_pages_fetched
/*
* index_pages_fetched
* Estimate the number of pages actually fetched after accounting for
* cache effects.
* 估算在考虑缓存影响后实际获取的页面数量。
*
* 估算方法是Mackert和Lohman提出的方法:
* "Index Scans Using a Finite LRU Buffer: A Validated I/O Model"
* We use an approximation proposed by Mackert and Lohman, "Index Scans
* Using a Finite LRU Buffer: A Validated I/O Model", ACM Transactions
* on Database Systems, Vol. 14, No. 3, September 1989, Pages 401-424.
* The Mackert and Lohman approximation is that the number of pages
* fetched is
* PF =
* min(2TNs/(2T+Ns), T) when T <= b
* 2TNs/(2T+Ns) when T > b and Ns <= 2Tb/(2T-b)
* b + (Ns - 2Tb/(2T-b))*(T-b)/T when T > b and Ns > 2Tb/(2T-b)
* where
* T = # pages in table
* N = # tuples in table
* s = selectivity = fraction of table to be scanned
* b = # buffer pages available (we include kernel space here)
*
* We assume that effective_cache_size is the total number of buffer pages
* available for the whole query, and pro-rate that space across all the
* tables in the query and the index currently under consideration. (This
* ignores space needed for other indexes used by the query, but since we
* don't know which indexes will get used, we can't estimate that very well;
* and in any case counting all the tables may well be an overestimate, since
* depending on the join plan not all the tables may be scanned concurrently.)
*
* The product Ns is the number of tuples fetched; we pass in that
* product rather than calculating it here. "pages" is the number of pages
* in the object under consideration (either an index or a table).
* "index_pages" is the amount to add to the total table space, which was
* computed for us by query_planner.
*
* Caller is expected to have ensured that tuples_fetched is greater than zero
* and rounded to integer (see clamp_row_est). The result will likewise be
* greater than zero and integral.
*/
double
index_pages_fetched(double tuples_fetched, BlockNumber pages,
double index_pages, PlannerInfo *root)
{
double pages_fetched;
double total_pages;
double T,
b;
/* T is # pages in table, but don't allow it to be zero */
T = (pages > 1) ? (double) pages : 1.0;
/* Compute number of pages assumed to be competing for cache space */
total_pages = root->total_table_pages + index_pages;
total_pages = Max(total_pages, 1.0);
Assert(T <= total_pages);
/* b is pro-rated share of effective_cache_size */
b = (double) effective_cache_size * T / total_pages;
/* force it positive and integral */
if (b <= 1.0)
b = 1.0;
else
b = ceil(b);
/* This part is the Mackert and Lohman formula */
if (T <= b)
{
pages_fetched =
(2.0 * T * tuples_fetched) / (2.0 * T + tuples_fetched);
if (pages_fetched >= T)
pages_fetched = T;
else
pages_fetched = ceil(pages_fetched);
}
else
{
double lim;
lim = (2.0 * T * b) / (2.0 * T - b);
if (tuples_fetched <= lim)
{
pages_fetched =
(2.0 * T * tuples_fetched) / (2.0 * T + tuples_fetched);
}
else
{
pages_fetched =
b + (tuples_fetched - lim) * (T - b) / T;
}
pages_fetched = ceil(pages_fetched);
}
return pages_fetched;
}
三、跟踪分析
测试脚本如下
select a.*,b.grbh,b.je
from t_dwxx a,
lateral (select t1.dwbh,t1.grbh,t2.je
from t_grxx t1
inner join t_jfxx t2 on t1.dwbh = a.dwbh and t1.grbh = t2.grbh) b
where a.dwbh = '1001'
order by b.dwbh;
启动gdb
(gdb) b create_index_path
Breakpoint 1 at 0x78f050: file pathnode.c, line 1037.
(gdb) c
Continuing.
主要考察t_grxx上的索引访问路径,即t_grxx.dwbh = '1001'(通过等价类产生并下推的限制条件)
(gdb) c
Continuing.
Breakpoint 1, create_index_path (root=0x2737d70, index=0x274be80, indexclauses=0x274f1f8, indexclausecols=0x274f248,
indexorderbys=0x0, indexorderbycols=0x0, pathkeys=0x0, indexscandir=ForwardScanDirection, indexonly=false,
required_outer=0x0, loop_count=1, partial_path=false) at pathnode.c:1037
1037 IndexPath *pathnode = makeNode(IndexPath);
索引信息:树高度为1/索引列1个/indexlist链表,元素为TargetEntry,相关信息为varno = 3, varattno = 1,索引访问方法成本估算使用的函数为btcostestimate
(gdb) p *index
$3 = {type = T_IndexOptInfo, indexoid = 16752, reltablespace = 0, rel = 0x274b870, pages = 276, tuples = 100000,
tree_height = 1, ncolumns = 1, nkeycolumns = 1, indexkeys = 0x274bf90, indexcollations = 0x274bfa8, opfamily = 0x274bfc0,
opcintype = 0x274bfd8, sortopfamily = 0x274bfc0, reverse_sort = 0x274c008, nulls_first = 0x274c020,
canreturn = 0x274bff0, relam = 403, indexprs = 0x0, indpred = 0x0, indextlist = 0x274c0f8, indrestrictinfo = 0x274dc58,
predOK = false, unique = false, immediate = true, hypothetical = false, amcanorderbyop = false, amoptionalkey = true,
amsearcharray = true, amsearchnulls = true, amhasgettuple = true, amhasgetbitmap = true, amcanparallel = true,
amcostestimate = 0x94f0ad <btcostestimate>}
执行各项赋值操作
(gdb) n
1038 RelOptInfo *rel = index->rel;
(gdb)
1042 pathnode->path.pathtype = indexonly ? T_IndexOnlyScan : T_IndexScan;
(gdb)
1043 pathnode->path.parent = rel;
(gdb)
1044 pathnode->path.pathtarget = rel->reltarget;
(gdb)
1045 pathnode->path.param_info = get_baserel_parampathinfo(root, rel,
(gdb)
1047 pathnode->path.parallel_aware = false;
(gdb)
1048 pathnode->path.parallel_safe = rel->consider_parallel;
(gdb)
1049 pathnode->path.parallel_workers = 0;
(gdb)
1050 pathnode->path.pathkeys = pathkeys;
(gdb)
1053 expand_indexqual_conditions(index, indexclauses, indexclausecols,
(gdb)
1057 pathnode->indexinfo = index;
执行expand_indexqual_conditions,给定RestrictInfo节点(约束条件),产生直接可用的索引表达式子句
(gdb) p *indexclauses
$4 = {type = T_List, length = 1, head = 0x274f1d8, tail = 0x274f1d8} -->t_grxx.dwbh = '1001'
(gdb) p *indexclausecols
$9 = {type = T_IntList, length = 1, head = 0x274f228, tail = 0x274f228}
(gdb) p indexclausecols->head->data.int_value
$10 = 0
进入cost_index函数
(gdb)
1065 cost_index(pathnode, root, loop_count, partial_path);
(gdb) step
cost_index (path=0x274ecb8, root=0x2737d70, loop_count=1, partial_path=false) at costsize.c:480
480 IndexOptInfo *index = path->indexinfo;
调用访问方法成本估算函数
...
(gdb)
547 amcostestimate(root, path, loop_count,
(gdb)
557 path->indextotalcost = indexTotalCost;
相关返回值
(gdb) p indexStartupCost
$22 = 0.29249999999999998
(gdb) p indexTotalCost
$23 = 4.3675000000000006
(gdb) p indexSelectivity
$24 = 0.00010012021638664612
(gdb) p indexCorrelation
$25 = 0.82452213764190674
(gdb) p index_pages
$26 = 1
loop_count=1
599 if (loop_count > 1)
(gdb)
651 (double) index->pages,
(gdb) p loop_count
$27 = 1
取得的page数量,计算IO大小等
(gdb) n
649 pages_fetched = index_pages_fetched(tuples_fetched,
(gdb)
654 if (indexonly)
(gdb) p pages_fetched
$28 = 10
...
(gdb) p max_IO_cost
$30 = 40
(gdb) p min_IO_cost
$31 = 4
调用完成,查看最终结果
749 path->path.total_cost = startup_cost + run_cost;
(gdb)
750 }
(gdb) p *path
$37 = {path = {type = T_IndexPath, pathtype = T_IndexScan, parent = 0x274b870, pathtarget = 0x274ba98, param_info = 0x0,
parallel_aware = false, parallel_safe = true, parallel_workers = 0, rows = 10, startup_cost = 0.29249999999999998,
total_cost = 19.993376803383146, pathkeys = 0x0}, indexinfo = 0x274be80, indexclauses = 0x274f1f8,
indexquals = 0x274f3a0, indexqualcols = 0x274f3f0, indexorderbys = 0x0, indexorderbycols = 0x0,
indexscandir = ForwardScanDirection, indextotalcost = 4.3675000000000006, indexselectivity = 0.00010012021638664612}
(gdb) n
create_index_path (root=0x2737d70, index=0x274be80, indexclauses=0x274f1f8, indexclausecols=0x274f248, indexorderbys=0x0,
indexorderbycols=0x0, pathkeys=0x0, indexscandir=ForwardScanDirection, indexonly=false, required_outer=0x0,
loop_count=1, partial_path=false) at pathnode.c:1067
1067 return pathnode;
该SQL语句的执行计划,其中Index Scan using idx_t_grxx_dwbh on public.t_grxx t1 (cost=0.29..19.99...的成本0.29/19.99,与访问路径中的startup_cost/total_cost相对应.
testdb=# explain verbose select a.*,b.grbh,b.je
from t_dwxx a,
lateral (select t1.dwbh,t1.grbh,t2.je
from t_grxx t1
inner join t_jfxx t2 on t1.dwbh = a.dwbh and t1.grbh = t2.grbh) b
where a.dwbh = '1001'
order by b.dwbh;
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nested Loop (cost=0.87..111.60 rows=10 width=37)
Output: a.dwmc, a.dwbh, a.dwdz, t1.grbh, t2.je, t1.dwbh
-> Nested Loop (cost=0.58..28.40 rows=10 width=29)
Output: a.dwmc, a.dwbh, a.dwdz, t1.grbh, t1.dwbh
-> Index Scan using t_dwxx_pkey on public.t_dwxx a (cost=0.29..8.30 rows=1 width=20)
Output: a.dwmc, a.dwbh, a.dwdz
Index Cond: ((a.dwbh)::text = '1001'::text)
-> Index Scan using idx_t_grxx_dwbh on public.t_grxx t1 (cost=0.29..19.99 rows=10 width=9)
Output: t1.dwbh, t1.grbh, t1.xm, t1.xb, t1.nl
Index Cond: ((t1.dwbh)::text = '1001'::text)
-> Index Scan using idx_t_jfxx_grbh on public.t_jfxx t2 (cost=0.29..8.31 rows=1 width=13)
Output: t2.grbh, t2.ny, t2.je
Index Cond: ((t2.grbh)::text = (t1.grbh)::text)
(13 rows)
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