2018-8-21
Test-doctoring to keep Japanese women out of medical school
入学考试将日本女性拒于医学院门外
Japan has made a lot of noise in recent years about demolishing the traditional view that women should stay at home while men go out to work. So it was shocking when, on August 7th, Tokyo Medical University, a prestigious medical school, confessed to marking down the test scores of female applicants to keep the ratio of women in each class below 30%.
近年来，日本社会常有推翻“男主外、女主内”传统观念的声浪。所以，在 8 月 7 日，当声望卓著的医学院——东京医科大学承认压低了女性申请者的考试分数，以将每个班级中女生的比例维持在 30%以下时，社会一片哗然。
Their defence was that women are more likely to drop out to marry and have children. To judge female applicants to medical school purely on their merits would leave Japan with a shortage of doctors, they said. The admission has caused outrage.
东京医科大学的辩称，女性更可能为了结婚生子而中断职业。该大学指出，如果完全根据成绩评价女申请者的话，日本将会面临医生的短缺。这一说辞已经引起了公众的愤慨。
Doctoring has long been a male bastion. But it is not the only one. Discrimination is rife in banks and trading houses, where stamina and loyalty, qualities somehow associated with men, are prized, says Mari Miura, a political scientist at Sophia University.
医生是男性的传统优势职业，但它绝非个例。日本上智大学的政治科学家三浦麻里介绍道，性别歧视在银行和贸易行业同样普遍，而这两个行业都重视耐力和忠诚——两个多多少少与男性联系在一起的品质。
All this embarrasses a government that has promised to make women “shine”, its condescending catchphrase for female empowerment. The policy seems based on the need for more workers rather than on genuine concern for women. Shinzo Abe, the prime minister, says he wants to bring millions more women into the workforce to make up for a labour shortfall caused by its ageing and declining population.
这一性别歧视现象让日本政府陷入窘境，因为该政府曾用一个居高临下地支持女权运动的口号，承诺要让女性“发光发热”。这一政策似乎基于增加劳动力的需求，而非对妇女真正的关心。首相安倍晋三宣称，他想要将数百万的妇女引入劳动力，以弥补人口老龄化和人口减少带来的劳力短缺。
In the field of politics, the record under Mr Abe’s premiership is lamentable. Just two members of his 20-strong cabinet are women, including Seiko Noda, in charge of women’s empowerment. Ms Noda, who makes little secret of her ambition to dethrone Mr Abe in a leadership contest next month, has just published a book called “Grab the Future”, her manifesto for pulling Japan into line with “global standards”. She has almost no chance of winning.
在政治领域，安倍首相任内的女权政绩不甚乐观。他的二十人内阁中仅有两人是女性，其中包括主管女性权利的野田圣子。野田毫不掩饰她在下个月的竞选中击败安倍的野心。她刚刚出版了一本名为《抓住未来》的书，这同时也是她推动日本与“国际标准”接轨的宣言。而她，几乎毫无胜算。
————— 文章来源 / 经济学人
重点词汇
demolish/dɪˈmɑːlɪʃ/
v. 拆除；推翻；颠覆
e.g.
demolish the house
He completely demolished all my arguments.
confess to (doing) sth.
承认做某事
mark (sth.) down
减分，压低…的得分
e.g.
They have marked down their forecasts for growth.
drop out
辍学；半途而废
e.g.
dropped out of college
merit/ˈmerɪt/
n. 优秀品质；成绩
bastion/ˈbæstiən/
n. 堡垒；固守一种准则的事物
e.g.
a bastion of freedom
It’s the last bastion of male privilege.
rife/raɪf/
adj. （指不良事物）盛行的；普遍的
stamina/ˈstæmɪnə/
n. 耐力；耐性；持久力
condescending/ˌkɑːndɪˈsendɪŋ/
adj. 有优越感的；屈尊的（condescend v.）
e.g.
condescending attitude/remark/tone
catchphrase/ˈkætʃfreɪz/
流行语；（尤指电视演艺名人等的）名言
labour shortfall
劳力短缺
premiership/prɪˈmɪrʃɪp/
n. 总理职位；首相职位
make little secret of
公开某事；对不保守秘密
e.g.
I make little secret of my dislike for lettuce.
dethrone/ˌdiːˈθroʊn/
v. 打败；击败（顶尖好手）
manifesto/ˌmænɪˈfestoʊ/
n.（尤指政党的）宣言
e.g.
The Communist Manifesto
pull/bring sth. into line with...
让某物与...接轨；让某物与...对接
e.g.
Liulishuo can pull your English ability into line with requirements of your dream job.
拓展内容
日本男女社会分工的历史
从明治时期开始，生养孩子就成了日本女性的主要任务。同时，对女性的教育也只局限于把妇女培养成合格的妻子和母亲。在国家层面上，妇女的角色在于做好家务、管好孩子。而妇女的社会地位也与做好母亲的角色捆绑在一起——是不是一个好母亲，决定了妇女的社会地位高低与否。
直至今日，日本母亲仍然肩负着管家育儿的责任。一个最明显的例子就是，媒体经常报导罪犯母亲对受害者和社会公众的道歉。日本社会中对母亲的高要求可见一斑。
日本医界女性的总体情况日本男女社会分工的历史
在东京医科大丑闻发酵的同时，其他医学院也被怀疑篡改了女考生的成绩，其中包括东京医科学校。事实上，日本女性想要成为医生可谓是困难重重。根据东京医科大的数据，通过该大学入学考试的女性比例曾从 2009 年的 24% 上涨到了 2010 年的 38%。但是，这一比例却在 2010 年后节节下滑。到了 2018 年，通过东京医科大学入学考试的考生中仅有 18%是女性。而且，全国范围内，女性医学生的数量在过去的 20 年间却死死地卡在了 30%。
综上所述，医学院中存在男女比例失调的问题，这进一步导致了日本女医生的短缺。经济合作与发展组织的数据显示，2015 年，日本的的女医生有 6 万多人，仅仅是医生总数的 21%。日本的这一比例还不到其他发达国家平均水平的一半。
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