Passage
Attitudes to language
A
It is not easy to be systematic and objective about language study. Popular linguistic debate regularly deteriorates into invective and polemic. Language belongs to everyone, so most people feel they have a right to hold an opinion about it [1]. And when opinions differ, emotions can run high. Arguments can start as easily over minor points of usage as over major policies of linguistic education [2].
B
Language, moreover, is a very public behaviour, so it is easy for different usages to be noted and criticised. No part of society or social behaviour is exempt: linguistic factors influence how we judge personality, intelligence, social status, educational standards, job aptitude, and many other areas of identity and social survival [3]. As a result, it is easy to hurt, and to be hurt, when language use is unfeelingly attacked.
C
In its most general sense, prescriptivism is the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value than others, and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community [9]. The view is propounded especially in relation to grammar and vocabulary, and frequently with reference to pronunciation. The variety which is favoured, in this account, is usually a version of the 'standard' written language, especially as encountered in literature, or in the formal spoken language which most closely reflects this style. Adherents to this variety are said to speak or write ‘correctly'; deviations from it are said to be ‘incorrect’ [9].
D
All the main languages have been studied prescriptively, especially in the 18th century approach to the writing of grammars and dictionaries. The aims of these early grammarians were threefold: (a) they wanted to codify the principles of their languages, to show that there was a system beneath the apparent chaos of usage, (b) they wanted a means of settling disputes over usage, and (c) they wanted to point out what they felt to be common errors, in order to 'improve' the language. he authoritarian nature of the approach is best characterised by its reliance on 'rules' of grammar [10]. Some usages are prescribed; to be learnt and followed accurately; others are 'proscribed’; to be avoided. In this early period, there were no half-measures: usage was either right or wrong, and it was the task of the grammarian not simply to record alternatives, but to pronounce judgment upon them.
E
These attitudes are still with us, and they motivate a widespread concern that linguistic standards should be maintained [5]. Nevertheless, there is an alternative point of view that is concerned less with standards than with the facts of linguistic usage. This approach is summarised in the statement that it is the task of the grammarian to describe, not prescribe to record the facts of linguistic diversity, and not to attempt the impossible tasks of evaluating language variation or halting language change [6].** In the second half of the 18th century, we already find advocates of this view, such as Joseph Priestley [7&11], whose Rudiments of English Grammar (1761) insists that 'the custom of speaking is the original and only just standard of any language: Linguistic issues, it is argued, cannot be solved by logic and legislation [12]**. And this view has become the tenet of the modern linguistic approach to grammatical analysis.
F
In our own time, the opposition between 'descriptivist’s' and 'prescriptivists' has often become extreme, with both sides painting unreal pictures of the other [8]. Descriptive grammarians have been presented as people who do not care about standards, because of the way they see all forms of usage as equally valid. Prescriptive grammarian’s have been presented as to a historical tradition. The opposition has even been presented in quasi-political terms - of radical liberalism vs elitist conservatism.
Words and Phrases
| words and phrases | chinese meaning |
|---|---|
| Systematic | 系统的；有系统的 |
| Objective | 客观的；目标的 |
| Deteriorate | 恶化；变坏 |
| Invective | 恶骂谩骂 |
| Polemic | 争论 |
| Run high | （情绪）高涨，激昂 |
| Exempt | 被免除的；被豁免的 |
| Aptitude | 天资；才能 |
| Job aptitude | 工作能力 |
| Unfeelingly | 无情地 |
| Prescriptivism | 规范主义 |
| Inherently | 内在地；固有地；天性地 |
| Be imposed on | 强加给……；施加影响给…… |
| Speech community | 语言社会 |
| Propound | 提出；将……提供考虑 |
| Favour | 赞成；喜爱 |
| Adherent | 信徒；追随者 |
| Adherent to | 忠于 |
| Deviation from | 与……有差距 |
| Threefold | 三倍的；有三部分的 |
| Codify | 编纂；将……变成法典 |
| Chaos | 混沌；混乱 |
| Authoritarian | 独裁主义者 |
| Authoritarian nature | 专制本质 |
| Prescribe | 规定 |
| Proscribe | 剥夺……的公权；禁止 |
| Pronounce | 宣判；断言 |
| Linguistic diversity | 语言多样性 |
| Advocate | 拥护者；提倡者 |
| Legislation | 立法；法律 |
| Tenet | 原则；信条 |
| Descriptivist | 描述主义者 |
| Prescriptivist | 规定主义者 |
| Blind adherents to | 盲目的追随者 |
| Radical | 激进的；根本的；彻底的 |
| Liberalism | 自由主义 |
| Elitist | 优秀人才的；杰出人才的 |
| Conservatism | 保守主义 |
| Radical liberalism | 激进的自由主义 |
| Elitist conservatism | 精英的保守主义 |
| Misrepresent | 不如实地叙述 |
问题分析
Questions l-8
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage l?
In boxes l-8 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
- There are understandable reasons why arguments occur about language.
- People feel more strongly about language education than about small differences in language usage.
- our assessment of a person's intelligence is affected by the way he or she uses
- Prescriptive grammar books cost a lot of money to buy in the 18th century.
- Prescriptivism still exists today.
- According to descriptivists it is pointless to try to stop language change.
- Descriptivism only appeared after the 18th century.
- Both descriptivists and prescriptivists have been misrepresented.
Y/N/NG
- 顺序题？√
- 1-A
- 2-A，在1之后
- 3-B
- 4-NG
- 5-E
- 6-E，在5的后面
- 7-E，在6的后面
- 8-F
- 信息句有的连接的很紧密，有的则很分散，注意集中注意力
Questions 9-12
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 9-12 0n your answer sheet.
The language debate
According to 9, there is only one correct form of language. Linguists who take this approach to language place great importance on grammatical 10.
Conversely, the view of 11, such as Joseph Priestley, is that grammar should be based on 12.
A descriptivists
B language experts
C poplar speech
D formal language
E evaluation
F rules
G modern linguists
H prescriptivists
I change
填空题
由于按顺序做完上一题后已经看完了文章，所以此题需要重新开始定位
- 顺序题？
- 9-C
- 10-D
- 11-E
- 12-E，紧接着11
- 读懂以后发现非常简单，直接可以填空
Question 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
What is the writer's purpose in Reading Passage l?
A to argue in favour of a particular approach to writing dictionaries and grammar books
B to present a historical account of differing views of language
C to describe the differences between spoken and written language
D to show how a certain view of language has been discredited
四选一
需要在看懂原文，大致理解的情况下，用排除和重新定位去做题
Tips
- 前两题按照顺序做题,要读文章两遍,最后一题则需要逻辑判断
- 词汇很重要
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