经过了一个星期的努力,终于是把自己的个人博客上线到自己的阿里云服务器上www.fortable.cn,半年前买的域名和服务器也是终于有了内容。在这期间,也经过了不少坑,现在把这些都记录下来。我将从django(zinnia)-->uwsgi+nginx-->postgresql-->qiniuyun这个顺序逐一记录。由于本人在开发的时候是使用的ubuntu16.04 64位系统。aliyun上使用的是centos7.3 64位系统。在移植的过程中还经过了不少坑,现在一一记录下来。
目录 (Table of Contents)
[TOC]
1.zinnia
本人采用的是github上比较热门的django开源项目zinnia-0.18.1,详细的使用方法查看此开源项目的官方文档。在此开发过程中发现所有项目的官方文档和程序的log日志是解决问题的终极大招。
安装virtualenv
每一个python项目最好使用独立的python环境.
pip install virtualenv #安装virtualenv
cd yourProPath/ #进入你的项目目录上一级
virtualenv --no-site-packages venv #创建一个没有其他多余安装包的干净环境,生成目录venv。
source venv/bin/activate #激活环境
pip install "packages" #安装你所需要的包,切记前面不要加sudo,否则pytho包会安装在电脑环境中
deactivate #退出当前python环境
加速pip install 方法
1.proxychains pip install package; #如果电脑上安装代理可以使用官方镜像
2.pip install 'package' -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com #国内使用豆瓣镜像
注:如果windows用户出现错误: failed to compile wheel 根据提示去微软官网下载 VCforpy27.msi 安装即可
安装项目所需要的python包
所需要下载的python包配置清单已经上传至我的github空间,下载下来然后使用
pip install -r require.txt
运行zinnia
依照zinnia的官方教程,对settings.py和urls.py进行设置,然后
python manage.py migrate #将model数据写入数据库表中,创建数据库表
python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080 #将djano服务拉起来,即可在浏览器中看见页面
###**设置admin用户**
python manage.py createsuperuser #按照提示输入用户名密码即可
python manage.py changepassword username #修改用户名密码
python manage.py shell #进入django SHELL 界面
其他的一些功能设置可以参考官方教程。
2.Centos上利用 uwsgi+nginx部署django
在centos上安装uwsgi和nginx
安装uwsgi: pip install uwsgi
安装nginx: sudo yum install nginx
设置uwsgi和nginx
新建一个uwsgi.ini设置如下:
[uwsgi]
socket = 127.0.0.1:3316 #用端口连接nginx
#http =127.0.0.1:80
# the base directory (full path)
chdir =/home/chongjie/service/blog/djangosite #django目录
# Django's wsgi file
module = djangosite.wsgi
# the virtualenv (full path)
home = /home/chongjie/service/venv
# process-related settings
# master
master = true
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 10
# the socket (use the full path to be safe
#socket = /path/to/your/project/mysite.sock #用socket文件连接
# ... with appropriate permissions - may be needed
# chmod-socket = 664
# clear environment on exit
vacuum = true
#print log file
daemonize = /var/log/uwsgi.log #日志文件地址,需要自己创建
vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 设置nginx
# For more information on configuration, see:
# * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
# * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/
user root; //改成root用户 不然会出现访问permission denied
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; //error log 日志 在调试的时候非常有用
pid /run/nginx.pid;
# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
#include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
server_name 47.74.135.66;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location /static/ {
alias /home/chongjie/service/blog/djangosite/staticfile/; #设置为django的静态文件夹(后面讲这个文件夹怎么生成)
}
location / {
uwsgi_pass 127.0.0.1:3316; #uwsgi的对接port口
include uwsgi_params; #在/etc/nginx的目录里面的文件 uwsgi的补充协议
# include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
ssl off;
}
然后
uwsgi uwsgi.ini
service nginx start
则配置好了对应的nginx+uwsgi.在对nginx.conf再次编辑时,可以使用nginx -t检查配置文件正确与否,如果返回ok,用 -s reload 重新加载配置文件,nginx里面一定要设置django的静态文件夹,不然网页会找不到样式
3.zinnia进阶--settings.py文件详解
下面是我的settings.py的全部内容
""
Django settings for djangosite project.
Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 1.10.
For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/settings/
For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/settings/
"""
import os
# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/howto/deployment/checklist/
# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = '7v2v5d3b-qqdsadmgqy8880kk)-w%b8rq(3wjmgd!bi2ye)f-lmq4'
# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
SITE_ID = 2
# Application definition
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'django.contrib.sites',
'django_comments',
'mptt',
'tagging',
'theme',
'zinnia_bootstrap',
'zinnia',
'django.contrib.sitemaps',
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
ROOT_URLCONF = 'djangosite.urls'
TEMPLATES = [
{
'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
'DIRS': [
os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'templates'),
os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'tempaltes','zinnia'),
],
'APP_DIRS': False,
'OPTIONS': {
'context_processors': [
'django.template.context_processors.debug',
'django.template.context_processors.request',
'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
'django.template.context_processors.i18n',
'zinnia.context_processors.version',
],
'loaders':[
'app_namespace.Loader',
'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
],
},
},
]
WSGI_APPLICATION = 'djangosite.wsgi.application'
# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/settings/#databases
DATABASES = {
'default': {
# 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
# 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
'ENGINE' : 'django.db.backends.postgresql_psycopg2',
'NAME' : 'blog',
'USER' : 'postgres',
'PASSWORD' : '**********',
'HOST' : '127.0.0.1',
'PORT' : '5432',
}
}
# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
},
{
'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
},
]
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True
# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/howto/static-files/
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"staticfile/")
STATICFILES_DIRS = [os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"static"),]
#--media--qiniuyun server
QINIU_ACCESS_KEY = 'wCdL4z3ix7Zk5pKXfGHvlq8AGKLNioocpHaRd7SH'
QINIU_SECRET_KEY = 'sdF8fSoPSOKkbLbM6XETxQ4o7s3Wc9Y4fP4xg87G'
QINIU_BUCKET_NAME = 'fortable'
QINIU_BUCKET_DOMAIN = 'ot27paxji.bkt.clouddn.com/'
QINIU_SECURE_URL = False #using http
PREFIX_URL = 'http://'
MEDIA_URL = PREFIX_URL + QINIU_BUCKET_DOMAIN + '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE = 'qiniustorage.backends.QiniuMediaStorage'
#--media-- local server
#MEDIA_URL ='/media/'
#MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'media')
ZINNIA_MARKUP_LANGUAGE = 'markdown'
ZINNIA_MARKDOWN_EXTENSIONS = ['markdown.extensions.extra',
'markdown.extensions.abbr',
'markdown.extensions.attr_list',
'markdown.extensions.def_list',
'markdown.extensions.fenced_code',
'markdown.extensions.footnotes',
'markdown.extensions.tables',
'markdown.extensions.smart_strong',
'markdown.extensions.codehilite',
'markdown.extensions.admonition',
'markdown.extensions.headerid',
'markdown.extensions.meta',
'markdown.extensions.nl2br',
'markdown.extensions.sane_lists',
'markdown.extensions.smarty',
'markdown.extensions.toc',
'markdown.extensions.wikilinks',
]
#EMAIL
#EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django_smtp_ssl.SSLEmailBackend'
# Host for sending e-mail.
EMAIL_HOST = 'smtp.qq.com'
# Port for sending e-mailt
EMAIL_PORT = '465'
# Optional SMTP authentication information for EMAIL_HOST.
EMAIL_HOST_USER = '****'
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = '*******'
EMAIL_USE_TLS = True
EMAIL_TIMEOUT = 10
DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL = EMAIL_HOST_USER
#EMAIL_USE_SSL = True
静态文件的设置
如果需要修改zinnia模板的对应静态图标和图片等,则需要重载静态文件或者media文件。static files和media files的设置和网页样式的自定义差不多,也是重载对应的目录,并将对应的地址注册到settings.py文件里面,具体参考django settings 官方文档 .主要settings.py设计代码如下:
#static settings
STATIC_URL = '/static/' #和manage.py同级目录的static文件夹
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"staticfile/") #python manage.py collectstatic 静态文件存放地址
STATICFILES_DIRS = [os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"static"),] #在这里面加入你所需要更改的静态文件
#media settings
MEDIA_URL ='/media/' #和manage.py同级目录的media文件夹
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'media') #media文件路由地址,保存上传文件的文件夹
STATIC_ROOT:运行上边提到的命令:python manage.py collectstatic 之后静态文件将要复制到的目录,这个目录只有在运行collectstatic时候才会用到,不能想当然的以为这个目录和MEDIA_ROOT的作用是相同的,否则在开发环境的时候可能一直无法找到静态文件。
STATIC_URL:设置的static file的起始url,这个只是在template里边引用到,这个参数和MEDIA_URL的含义相同,
STATICFILES_DIRS:和TEMPLATE_DIRS的含义差不多,就是除了各个app的static目录以外还需要管理的静态文件设置,比如项目的公共文件差不多。
各个app目录下的静态文件static/django会自动找到,这个点和app下的templates目录下差不多。
网页样式的自定义
静态模板的修改,可以参考马志锋--边做边学,Python&Django实战教程-10-修改显示模板。主要是重载对应的你所所需的模板文件比如skeleton.html和base.html,并且将重载的文件夹地址写入对应 TEMPLATES.’DIRS‘里面
mail邮箱的设置
刚开始参考网上的设置,找了好久没有找到,终于找到有一个参考的答案
settings.py的设置如下:
#EMAIL
#EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend' #不是用这个
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django_smtp_ssl.SSLEmailBackend' #正确的用这个
# Host for sending e-mail.
EMAIL_HOST = 'smtp.qq.com'
# Port for sending e-mailt
EMAIL_PORT = '465'
# Optional SMTP authentication information for EMAIL_HOST.
EMAIL_HOST_USER = '****'
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = '*******'
EMAIL_USE_TLS = True
EMAIL_TIMEOUT = 10
DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL = EMAIL_HOST_USER
#EMAIL_USE_SSL = True
首先阿里云将smtp 25端口永久封死,即使你在安全策略里面将25端口打开,使用 telnet smtp.qq.com 25 或者telnet smtp.163.com 25都是ping不同的,只有使用默认的ssl 465端口。1.你需要把你的邮箱开启smtp服务,我这里使用的是QQ邮箱,将会生成一个password,将该password放置在settings.py的文件里面。2.为了使用’django_smtp_ssl.SSLEmailBackend‘这个模块 ,需要安装[django-smtp-ssl]。3.在使用过程中可能ssl连接回报错“SSL routines:SSL3_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE:certificate verify failed”,在网上搜索说时因为python2.7在连进行ssl认证促互搓,在命令行输入如下就可解决
cat /etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt >>$(python -c 'import requests; print requests.certs.where()')
,具体参考网址点击
数据库的设置
如果使用程序默认的则是sqlite数据库,在该项目中本人修改位postgresql数据库,首先Ubuntud额Pg和centos的Pg安装很不一样
ubuntu下面:
sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-contrib
centos 7.0安装比较麻烦,具体参考教程
安装完毕后,系统回自动生成一个数据库超级用户"postgres",初始密码位空。后续设置如下:
sudo passwd postgres //输入新密码
sudo -i -u postgres //按提示输入新密码
psql //进入postgres命令行工具psql
\password postgres //设置数据库密码
Enter new password
CREATE DATABASE dbname //创建数据库dbname
\q //退出
配置完成后记得进入manage.py目录下
python manage.py makemigrations //生成移植中间文件
python manage.py migrate //同步到数据库
汉语显示
参照settings.py设置成中文即可
# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/i18n/
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = True
4.七牛云设置
使用七牛云存储静态文件或者media文件。具体实施方案参考网址
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