1 e.g.
该词语是exampli gratia的缩写,类似于“for example”,“for instance”,“such as”,通过举例使得前面的说法更易被感知。
- 例1:These methods are limited to detecting a pre-defined,fixed number of lanes, e.g. ego-lanes, and can not cope with lane changes.
- 例2:Buy some vegetables, e.g.,carrots.
使用中,不仅e后的“.”常常被漏掉(如写成eg.)。
最好把e.g.连同它的例子放在括号中,如
- 例3: I like quiet activities(e.g., reading)
2 etc.
这是et cetera(“and so forth; and the others; and other things; and the rest; and so on":等等)的缩写。它放在列表的最后,表示前面的例子还没列举完,最后加个词“等等”。
- 例句3: I need to go to the store and buy some pie, milk, cheese, etc.
etc.常常被误写为ect.,这是因为很多英语的c在t前(c在t后的很少)。etc.前面要有逗号。
不要在e.g.的列表最后用etc( 在including后的列表后也不宜使用etc),这是因为 e.g. 表示泛泛的举几个例子,并没有囊括所有的实例,其中就已经包含“等等”,如果再加一个 etc. 就多余了,例如这是错的: Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e.g., organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc.)
3 et al.
这是et alia("and others; and co-workers":等它人)的缩写。它几乎都是在列文献作者时使用,即把主要作者列出后,其它作者全放在et al. 里面。
- 例句4: These results agree with the ones published by Pelon et al. (2002).
人的场合用et al,而无生命的场合用etc.(et cetera)。
et后不要加“.”,因为et不是缩写。另外,与etc.不同,et al.的前面不要逗号。
4 i.e
这是id est(“that is” , "in other words":也就是)的缩写。目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点(不是像e.g.那样引入实例来形象化),意思是“那就是说,换句话说”。
- 例句5:In 2005, American had the lowest personal saving rate since 1933. In fact it was outright negavetive—i.e., consumers spent more money that they made.
- 例句6:There are three meals in the day (i.e., breakfast, lunch, and dinner)
使用中,i.e.的第一个"."也常常被错误地漏掉了。它后面紧跟着一个逗号,再跟一个解释。
如同e.g., i.e.也最好放入括号中,如同例句6那样。
比较下面两个例句。 - 例句7:I like to eat boardwalk food, i.e., funnel cake and french fries.
- 例句8:I like to eat boardwalk food, e.g., funnel cake and french fries.
例句7表示只有 funnel cake and french fries这两样boardwalk食物,我喜欢。例句8表示我喜欢boardwalk食物,比如 funnel cake and french fries;其实snow cones and corn dogs等其他类型,我也喜欢。
5 viz
这是videlicet( "namely", "towit", "precisely", "that is to say":即)的缩写,与e.g.不同,viz位于同位列表之前,要把它前面单词所包含的项目全部列出。
- 例句9:“Each symbol represents one of the four elements, viz. earth, air, fire, and water.”(每个符号代表如下四个元素之一,即: 地球,空气,火焰和水)。
- 例句10: The noble gases, viz. helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton and radon, show a non-expected behaviour when exposed to this new element.
注意 viz.后面无逗号。
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