本文内容:
如何使用NSOperation创建任务、设置依赖、设置优先级
如何使用NSOperationQueue创建队列,添加任务到队列、控制队列串行、并行执行任务
线程间如何通信
如何保证线程安全
iOS多线程demo地址
上文说到iOS 多线程-GCD
这篇文章来讲讲NSOperation
+ NSOperationQueue
NSOperation
:基于OC语言的API
,底层是GCD
,增加了一些简单易用的功能,面向对象操作,线程的生命周期系统自动管理,在开发中经常使用。
1. NSOperation & NSOperationQueue
NSOperation
:执行的操作,也就是任务的意思,不过NSOperation
:是一个抽象基类,不能直接使用。
NSOperation
两种使用方式:
- 使用系统定义的
NSInvocationOperation
- 使用系统定义的
NSBlockOperation
- 自定义类继承
NSOperation
任务的状态分为以下几种:
- ready : 就绪
- cancelled : 取消 (只能取消没有开始的任务)
- executing : 正在执行
- finished : 完成
- asynchronous : 并发还是非并发
NSOperationQueue
: 存放任务的队列。
队列分为:
- 主队列:添加到主队列的任务,只能在主线程执行,除
addExecutionBlock
添加的额外任务,任务可能在其他线程执行(下面有证明); - 其他队列:添加到其他队列的任务在子线程执行。
常用方法:
NSOperation
使用addDependency
添加依赖, 控制任务是否进入就绪状态,从而控制任务执行顺序。
NSOperationQueue
使用addOperation
添加任务到队列。
NSOperationQueue
设置 maxConcurrentOperationCount
(最大操作并发数),用来控制一个队列中有多少个任务同时进行,而不是并发线程的数量。
NSOperation
使用cancel
取消当前任务
NSOperationQueue
使用cancelAllOperations
取消当前队列的任务
NSOperationQueue
使用setSuspended
设置任务的暂停和恢复
注意:
- 任务、队列的取消并不代表可以将当前的操作立即取消,而是当前的操作执行完毕之后不再执行新的操作
- 暂停和取消的区别就在于:暂停操作之后还可以恢复操作,继续向下执行;而取消操作之后,所有的操作就清空了,无法再接着执行剩下的操作。
2.使用步骤
- 创建任务
- 创建队列
- 将任务添加到队列中执行
2.1创建任务
2.1.1 NSInvocationOperation
使用NSInvocationOperation
创建任务,使用start
方式开始任务
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
// 1、NSInvocationOperation
NSInvocationOperation *invocationOperation = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc]initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(invocationAction) object:nil];
[invocationOperation start];
NSLog(@"end----");
}
- (void)invocationAction{
for (NSInteger index = 0; index < 3; index ++) {
NSLog(@"invocation ==== %ld",(long)index);
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1.0];
}
}
输出结果:
- 在主线程中执行(因为是在主线程中调用)
-
end
最后输出,start
方式执行任务是同步执行,睡眠时阻塞当前线程。
2019-01-03 15:59:44.044995+0800 Thread[5045:65704] 主线程
2019-01-03 15:59:44.045577+0800 Thread[5045:65704] invocation ==== 0
2019-01-03 15:59:45.046159+0800 Thread[5045:65704] invocation ==== 1
2019-01-03 15:59:46.047736+0800 Thread[5045:65704] invocation ==== 2
2019-01-03 15:59:47.048575+0800 Thread[5045:65704] end----
在主线程调用就在主线程执行,那在子线程中调用会如何呢?
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0), ^{
// 1、NSInvocationOperation
NSInvocationOperation *invocationOperation = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc]initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(invocationAction) object:nil];
//start 是同步方式
[invocationOperation start];
NSLog(@"end----");
});
}
输出结果:
- 任务在子线程中执行(因为是子主线程中调用)
-
end
最后输出,start
方式执行任务是同步执行,睡眠时阻塞当前线程。
2019-01-03 16:01:59.252994+0800 Thread[5075:66813] 主线程
2019-01-03 16:01:59.254415+0800 Thread[5075:66861] invocation ==== 0
2019-01-03 16:02:00.257107+0800 Thread[5075:66861] invocation ==== 1
2019-01-03 16:02:01.259739+0800 Thread[5075:66861] invocation ==== 2
2019-01-03 16:02:02.261961+0800 Thread[5075:66861] end----
由此可见,使用NSInvocationOperation
+ start
方式执行任务,在哪个线程调用,就在哪个线程执行,执行方式是同步执行。
2.1.2NSBlockOperation
使用NSBlockOperation
创建一个任务,并使用start
方式开始任务
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
NSBlockOperation *blockOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
for (NSInteger index = 0; index < 3; index ++) {
NSLog(@"1 ==== %ld",(long)index);
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1.0];
}
}];
[blockOperation start];
NSLog(@"end----");
}
输出结果:
- 在主线程中执行(因为是在主线程中调用)
-
end
最后输出,start
方式执行任务是同步执行,睡眠时阻塞当前线程。
2019-01-03 16:41:28.661599+0800 Thread[5506:85345] 主线程
2019-01-03 16:41:28.662055+0800 Thread[5506:85345] 1 ==== 0
2019-01-03 16:41:29.663436+0800 Thread[5506:85345] 1 ==== 1
2019-01-03 16:41:30.664878+0800 Thread[5506:85345] 1 ==== 2
2019-01-03 16:41:31.666310+0800 Thread[5506:85345] end----
执行一个任务时,省略在子线程调用start
执行任务,因为结果和NSInvocationOperation
一样在哪个线程调用,就在哪个线程同步执行。
NSBlockOperation
还有一个方法addExecutionBlock
用来添加额外任务,可用于执行多个任务,比如说想同时执行2个任务。
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
NSBlockOperation *blockOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
for (NSInteger index = 0; index < 3; index ++) {
NSLog(@"1 ==== %ld",(long)index);
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1.0];
}
}];
[blockOperation addExecutionBlock:^{
for (NSInteger index = 0; index < 3; index ++) {
NSLog(@"2 ==== %ld",(long)index);
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1.0];
}
}];
[blockOperation start];
NSLog(@"end----");
}
输出结果:
- 任务1在主线程执行,任务2在子线程执行。由此证明,
addExecutionBlock
添加的任务,可能在其他子线程执行。 -
end
最后输出,start
方式执行任务是同步执行,睡眠时阻塞当前线程。
2019-01-03 16:47:02.219309+0800 Thread[5552:87869] 主线程
2019-01-03 16:47:02.219847+0800 Thread[5552:87896] 1 ==== 0
2019-01-03 16:47:02.219870+0800 Thread[5552:87869] 2 ==== 0
2019-01-03 16:47:03.221204+0800 Thread[5552:87896] 1 ==== 1
2019-01-03 16:47:03.221214+0800 Thread[5552:87869] 2 ==== 1
2019-01-03 16:47:04.222522+0800 Thread[5552:87896] 1 ==== 2
2019-01-03 16:47:04.222522+0800 Thread[5552:87869] 2 ==== 2
2019-01-03 16:47:05.223986+0800 Thread[5552:87869] end----
使用addExecutionBlock
方式执行多个任务时,会开启线程,具体开启几个线程是由系统决定的。
2.1.3 自定义类继承NSOperation
创建一个类继承自NSOperation
,这里创建的是XXOperation
#import "XXOperation.h"
@interface XXOperation ()
@property (nonatomic , copy) NSString *operName;
@property (nonatomic , assign) BOOL over;
@end
@implementation XXOperation
- (instancetype)initWithName:(NSString *)operName{
if (self = [super init]) {
self.operName = operName;
}
return self;
}
- (void)main{
for (NSInteger index = 0; index < 3; index ++) {
NSLog(@"index ==== %d,operName = %@",index,self.operName);
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1.0];
}
}
使用start
方式调用
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
XXOperation *operationA = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationA"];
[operationA start];
NSLog(@"end---");
}
输出结果:
- 在主线程中执行(因为是在主线程中调用)
-
end
最后输出,start
方式执行任务是同步执行,睡眠时阻塞当前线程。
2019-01-03 16:20:16.400576+0800 Thread[5270:75970] 主线程
2019-01-03 16:20:16.401009+0800 Thread[5270:75970] index ==== 0,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 16:20:17.401740+0800 Thread[5270:75970] index ==== 1,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 16:20:18.402675+0800 Thread[5270:75970] index ==== 2,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 16:20:19.404857+0800 Thread[5270:75970] end---
自定义类继承NSOperation
在子线程中调用任务,这里就省略了,
因为结果和NSInvocationOperation
、NSBlockOperation
执行一个任务时一样,在哪个线程调用,就在哪个线程同步执行任务。
但是我们常见的需求中是异步并发执行,如何实现异步并发执行呢?我们需要使用NSOperation
+ NSOperationQueue
实现异步并发。
队列又分为两种,添加到主队列的任务,只能在主线程执行,除addExecutionBlock
添加的额外任务,可能在其他线程执行。添加到其他队列的任务在子线程执行。
由此可见,使用 NSOperation
+ 其他队列
是较佳方法,既不阻塞主线程,又能执行其他任务。
2.2创建队列
2.2.1主队列
//获取主队列
NSOperationQueue *queue = [NSOperationQueue mainQueue];
2.2.2其他队列
NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
3.添加任务到队列
-
addOperation:(NSOperation *)op
: 直接添加一个NSOperation
操作 -
addOperations:(NSArray<NSOperation *> *)ops waitUntilFinished:(BOOL)wait
: 添加一组操作,wait
标志是否阻塞当前线程直到所有操作结束 -
addOperationWithBlock:(void (^)(void))block
:将block中的操作加入队列
这里使用addOperation
方式添加任务到队列,并且不设置maxConcurrentOperationCount
- (void)clickNSOperation{
XXOperation *operationA = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationA"];
XXOperation *operationB = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationB"];
XXOperation *operationC = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationC"];
XXOperation *operationD = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationD"];
if (!self.operationQueue) {
self.operationQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
}
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationA];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationB];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationC];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationD];
}
输出结果:
- 在多个子线程中执行,并发执行;
-
end
在任务之前输出,异步执行。
2019-01-03 17:58:51.841334+0800 Thread[6257:118424] 主线程
2019-01-03 17:58:51.841926+0800 Thread[6257:118424] end---
2019-01-03 17:58:51.841962+0800 Thread[6257:118471] index ==== 0,operName = operationC
2019-01-03 17:58:51.841962+0800 Thread[6257:118472] index ==== 0,operName = operationD
2019-01-03 17:58:51.841963+0800 Thread[6257:118473] index ==== 0,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 17:58:51.841975+0800 Thread[6257:118474] index ==== 0,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 17:58:52.847300+0800 Thread[6257:118471] index ==== 1,operName = operationC
2019-01-03 17:58:52.847303+0800 Thread[6257:118472] index ==== 1,operName = operationD
2019-01-03 17:58:52.847300+0800 Thread[6257:118473] index ==== 1,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 17:58:52.847303+0800 Thread[6257:118474] index ==== 1,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 17:58:53.848148+0800 Thread[6257:118473] index ==== 2,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 17:58:53.848148+0800 Thread[6257:118474] index ==== 2,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 17:58:53.848148+0800 Thread[6257:118472] index ==== 2,operName = operationD
2019-01-03 17:58:53.848173+0800 Thread[6257:118471] index ==== 2,operName = operationC
4.控制串行、并行
NSOperationQueue
通过设置maxConcurrentOperationCount
来实现任务是串行还是并行。
maxConcurrentOperationCount
: 最大操作并发数,用来控制一个队列中有多少个任务同时进行,而不是并发线程的数量。
在NSOperation.h里面,可以看见 maxConcurrentOperationCount
默认值为-1
static const NSInteger NSOperationQueueDefaultMaxConcurrentOperationCount = -1;
-
maxConcurrentOperationCount
默认值为-1,不进行限制,可以并行执行; -
maxConcurrentOperationCount = 1
为串行队列,只能串行执行; -
maxConcurrentOperationCount > 1
为并行队列,可以并行执行,但是设置的值不能超过系统限制的最大值,如果超过系统限制的最大值,设置的值 = 系统限制的最大值;
此时将maxConcurrentOperationCount
设置为1
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
XXOperation *operationA = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationA"];
XXOperation *operationB = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationB"];
XXOperation *operationC = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationC"];
XXOperation *operationD = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationD"];
if (!self.operationQueue) {
self.operationQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
}
self.operationQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 1;//值 = 1,串行队列,
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationA];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationB];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationC];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationD];
NSLog(@"end---");
}
输出结果:
-
end
在任务之前输出,异步执行; - 任务在多个子线程中执行;
- 任务一个接着一个串行执行,最后呈现结果就是异步串行。
由此证明:maxConcurrentOperationCount
,用来控制一个队列中有多少个任务同时进行,而不是并发线程的数量。
2019-01-03 18:14:37.042902+0800 Thread[6370:123969] 主线程
2019-01-03 18:14:37.043486+0800 Thread[6370:123969] end---
2019-01-03 18:14:37.043535+0800 Thread[6370:124020] index ==== 0,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 18:14:38.043839+0800 Thread[6370:124020] index ==== 1,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 18:14:39.049215+0800 Thread[6370:124020] index ==== 2,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 18:14:40.054252+0800 Thread[6370:124021] index ==== 0,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 18:14:41.059064+0800 Thread[6370:124021] index ==== 1,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 18:14:42.061843+0800 Thread[6370:124021] index ==== 2,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 18:14:43.067389+0800 Thread[6370:124021] index ==== 0,operName = operationC
2019-01-03 18:14:44.072883+0800 Thread[6370:124021] index ==== 1,operName = operationC
2019-01-03 18:14:45.074068+0800 Thread[6370:124021] index ==== 2,operName = operationC
2019-01-03 18:14:46.076217+0800 Thread[6370:124020] index ==== 0,operName = operationD
2019-01-03 18:14:47.079396+0800 Thread[6370:124020] index ==== 1,operName = operationD
2019-01-03 18:14:48.084846+0800 Thread[6370:124020] index ==== 2,operName = operationD
将最大并发数设置为4
self.operationQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 4;//值 = 4,并行队列
输出结果:
-
end
在任务之前输出,异步执行; - 任务在多个子线程中执行;
- 任务并发执行,最后呈现结果就是实现异步并发执行(最完美状态)
2019-01-03 18:19:58.120798+0800 Thread[6424:126327] 主线程
2019-01-03 18:19:58.121325+0800 Thread[6424:126327] end---
2019-01-03 18:19:58.121362+0800 Thread[6424:126374] index ==== 0,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 18:19:58.121339+0800 Thread[6424:126371] index ==== 0,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 18:19:58.121362+0800 Thread[6424:126373] index ==== 0,operName = operationD
2019-01-03 18:19:58.121371+0800 Thread[6424:126372] index ==== 0,operName = operationC
2019-01-03 18:19:59.122232+0800 Thread[6424:126372] index ==== 1,operName = operationC
2019-01-03 18:19:59.122231+0800 Thread[6424:126371] index ==== 1,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 18:19:59.122287+0800 Thread[6424:126373] index ==== 1,operName = operationD
2019-01-03 18:19:59.122231+0800 Thread[6424:126374] index ==== 1,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 18:20:00.127789+0800 Thread[6424:126371] index ==== 2,operName = operationA
2019-01-03 18:20:00.127789+0800 Thread[6424:126374] index ==== 2,operName = operationB
2019-01-03 18:20:00.127791+0800 Thread[6424:126372] index ==== 2,operName = operationC
2019-01-03 18:20:00.127791+0800 Thread[6424:126373] index ==== 2,operName = operationD
5. 操作依赖
操作依赖 : 控制任务是否进入就绪状态,从而控制任务执行顺序
-
- (void)addDependency:(NSOperation *)op;
:添加依赖 -
(void)removeDependency:(NSOperation *)op
: 删除依赖 -
@property (readonly, copy) NSArray<NSOperation *> *dependencies
:返回当前依赖数组
上一个例子中,有4个任务,分别是A、B、C、D ,设置D依赖于A ,A 依赖于C,C 依赖于B,千万不能再设置B依赖于D,不然就是死循环了。
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
XXOperation *operationA = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationA"];
XXOperation *operationB = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationB"];
XXOperation *operationC = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationC"];
XXOperation *operationD = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationD"];
if (!self.operationQueue) {
self.operationQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
}
// self.operationQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 1;//值 = 1,串行队列
self.operationQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 4;//值 = 4,并行队列
// 设置D依赖于A ,A 依赖于C,C 依赖于B
[operationD addDependency:operationA];
[operationA addDependency:operationC];
[operationC addDependency:operationB];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationA];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationB];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationC];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationD];
NSLog(@"end---");
}
输出结果:
-
end
在任务之前输出,异步执行; - 任务执行顺序B、C、A、D。
本来添加到队列的任务顺序是A、B、C、D,执行A时,A依赖于C,C还未执行结束,A处于未就绪状态,只有等C执行结束后,A才能处于就绪状态,才能执行任务。B没有依赖,直接执行,同理C依赖于B,,D依赖于A,所以执行顺序是B、C、A、D
2019-01-04 16:36:29.830947+0800 Thread[19747:188253] 主线程
2019-01-04 16:36:29.831568+0800 Thread[19747:188253] end---
2019-01-04 16:36:29.831603+0800 Thread[19747:188290] index ==== 0,operName = operationB
2019-01-04 16:36:30.832856+0800 Thread[19747:188290] index ==== 1,operName = operationB
2019-01-04 16:36:31.837187+0800 Thread[19747:188290] index ==== 2,operName = operationB
2019-01-04 16:36:32.842000+0800 Thread[19747:188289] index ==== 0,operName = operationC
2019-01-04 16:36:33.846089+0800 Thread[19747:188289] index ==== 1,operName = operationC
2019-01-04 16:36:34.851604+0800 Thread[19747:188289] index ==== 2,operName = operationC
2019-01-04 16:36:35.856626+0800 Thread[19747:188290] index ==== 0,operName = operationA
2019-01-04 16:36:36.859237+0800 Thread[19747:188290] index ==== 1,operName = operationA
2019-01-04 16:36:37.862654+0800 Thread[19747:188290] index ==== 2,operName = operationA
2019-01-04 16:36:38.866634+0800 Thread[19747:188289] index ==== 0,operName = operationD
2019-01-04 16:36:39.870859+0800 Thread[19747:188289] index ==== 1,operName = operationD
2019-01-04 16:36:40.873716+0800 Thread[19747:188289] index ==== 2,operName = operationD
6.优先级
queuePriority
,设置队列中的任务的优先级,目的是:控制进入就绪状态的任务的执行顺序。
没有设置优先级默认是NSOperationQueuePriorityNormal
,几个优先级有以下几个选项:
typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, NSOperationQueuePriority) {
NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryLow = -8L,
NSOperationQueuePriorityLow = -4L,
NSOperationQueuePriorityNormal = 0,
NSOperationQueuePriorityHigh = 4,
NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryHigh = 8
};
什么样的任务处于就绪状态呢?
添加到队列中,并且依赖关系都已经满足,比如上面A依赖于C,C还未执行结束,A就处于未就绪状态,C执行结束后,A才处于就绪状态。
以下几种条件,都是在maxConcurrentOperationCount
= 1的情况下,剔除并发引起的问题。
-
如果队列中的任务都处于就绪状态下,并且都没有设置优先级,都是默认优先级的时候,任务的执行顺序,就是先添加到队列里面的任务先执行。(控制串行、并行的第一个例子可以证明)
-
如果队列中的任务都处于就绪状态下,并且设置优先级的时候,任务的执行顺序,就是优先级越高的任务先执行。
-
如果队列中的任务有处于就绪状态的,有未处于就绪状态的,就绪状态的优先级低,未就绪状态的优先级高,此时还是执行就绪状态优先级低的操作,因为依赖关系控制任务是否进入就绪状态,从而控制任务执行顺序,而优先级则是控制进入就绪状态任务的执行顺序。
情况2的实现代码
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
XXOperation *operationA = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationA"];
XXOperation *operationB = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationB"];
XXOperation *operationC = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationC"];
XXOperation *operationD = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationD"];
if (!self.operationQueue) {
self.operationQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
}
self.operationQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 1;//值 = 1,串行队列
// self.operationQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 4;//值 = 4,并行队列
//设置优先级
operationA.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryHigh;
operationB.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryHigh;
operationC.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityHigh;
operationD.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryHigh;
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationA];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationB];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationC];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationD];
NSLog(@"end---");
输出结果:任务执行顺序A、B、D、C,跟任务优先级关系成正比,优先级越高,越先执行,C优先级比D低,所以D先执行。
2019-01-07 10:58:02.635752+0800 Thread[1130:25079] index ==== 0,operName = operationA
2019-01-07 10:58:03.641122+0800 Thread[1130:25079] index ==== 1,operName = operationA
2019-01-07 10:58:04.645798+0800 Thread[1130:25079] index ==== 2,operName = operationA
2019-01-07 10:58:05.651342+0800 Thread[1130:25076] index ==== 0,operName = operationB
2019-01-07 10:58:06.651660+0800 Thread[1130:25076] index ==== 1,operName = operationB
2019-01-07 10:58:07.656731+0800 Thread[1130:25076] index ==== 2,operName = operationB
2019-01-07 10:58:08.661404+0800 Thread[1130:25079] index ==== 0,operName = operationD
2019-01-07 10:58:09.666161+0800 Thread[1130:25079] index ==== 1,operName = operationD
2019-01-07 10:58:10.668855+0800 Thread[1130:25079] index ==== 2,operName = operationD
2019-01-07 10:58:11.672342+0800 Thread[1130:25076] index ==== 0,operName = operationC
2019-01-07 10:58:12.676247+0800 Thread[1130:25076] index ==== 1,operName = operationC
2019-01-07 10:58:13.677245+0800 Thread[1130:25076] index ==== 2,operName = operationC
情况3的实现代码
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
XXOperation *operationA = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationA"];
XXOperation *operationB = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationB"];
XXOperation *operationC = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationC"];
XXOperation *operationD = [[XXOperation alloc]initWithName:@"operationD"];
if (!self.operationQueue) {
self.operationQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
}
self.operationQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 1;//值 = 1,串行队列
// self.operationQueue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 4;//值 = 4,并行队列
// 设置D依赖于A ,A 依赖于C,C 依赖于B
[operationD addDependency:operationA];
[operationA addDependency:operationC];
[operationC addDependency:operationB];
//设置优先级
operationA.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryHigh;
operationB.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryHigh;
operationC.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityHigh;
operationD.queuePriority = NSOperationQueuePriorityVeryHigh;
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationA];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationB];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationC];
[self.operationQueue addOperation:operationD];
NSLog(@"end---");
输出结果:
如果只设置依赖关系,不设置优先级,执行顺序是B、C、A、D
如果不设置依赖关系,只设置优先级,执行顺序是A、B、D、C
同时设置依赖关系和优先级,执行顺序依旧是B、C、A、D,因为依赖关系控制任务是否进入就绪状态,从而控制任务执行顺序,而优先级则是控制进入就绪状态任务的执行顺序。因为D依赖于A ,A 依赖于C,C 依赖于B,所以此时就绪状态决定执行顺序。
2019-01-07 11:18:25.281981+0800 Thread[1162:31573] 主线程
2019-01-07 11:18:25.282591+0800 Thread[1162:31573] end---
2019-01-07 11:18:25.282638+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 0,operName = operationB
2019-01-07 11:18:26.287156+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 1,operName = operationB
2019-01-07 11:18:27.292264+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 2,operName = operationB
2019-01-07 11:18:28.297512+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 0,operName = operationC
2019-01-07 11:18:29.301186+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 1,operName = operationC
2019-01-07 11:18:30.302530+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 2,operName = operationC
2019-01-07 11:18:31.304189+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 0,operName = operationA
2019-01-07 11:18:32.304707+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 1,operName = operationA
2019-01-07 11:18:33.308931+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 2,operName = operationA
2019-01-07 11:18:34.309684+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 0,operName = operationD
2019-01-07 11:18:35.313671+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 1,operName = operationD
2019-01-07 11:18:36.317910+0800 Thread[1162:31615] index ==== 2,operName = operationD
7.线程间的通信
在iOS开发工程中,我们一般在主线程中进行UI刷新,如:点击、拖拽、滚动事件,耗时操作放在其他线程中,而当耗时操作结束后,回到主线程,就需要用到线程间的通信
- (void)clickNSOperation{
NSLog(@"主线程");
self.operationQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
[self.operationQueue addOperationWithBlock:^{
for (NSInteger index = 0; index < 3; index ++) {
NSLog(@"invocation ==== %ld",(long)index);
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1.0];
}
[[NSOperationQueue mainQueue] addOperationWithBlock:^{
NSLog(@"回到主线程");
NSLog(@"end---");
}];
}];
}
输出结果:完成耗时操作后,回到了主线程
2019-01-07 13:59:09.784407+0800 Thread[1449:46686] 主线程
2019-01-07 13:59:09.785071+0800 Thread[1449:46730] invocation ==== 0
2019-01-07 13:59:10.789103+0800 Thread[1449:46730] invocation ==== 1
2019-01-07 13:59:11.793907+0800 Thread[1449:46730] invocation ==== 2
2019-01-07 13:59:12.796989+0800 Thread[1449:46686] 回到主线程
2019-01-07 13:59:12.797208+0800 Thread[1449:46686] end---
8.线程安全与线程同步
线程安全:在多个线程中同时访问并操作同一对象,运行结果与预期的值相同就是线程安全。线程安全问题都是由全局变量
及静态变量
引起的,若每个线程中对全局变量、静态变量只有读操作,而无写操作,一般来说,这个全局变量是线程安全的;若有多个线程同时执行写操作,一般都需要考虑线程同步,否则的话就可能影响线程安全。
线程同步:可理解为线程A和B一块配合,A执行到一定程度时要依靠B的某个结果,于是停下来,示意B运行;B依言执行,再将结果给A;A再继续操作。
例子还是用之前的卖票例子,两个站点卖票,创建一个TicketManager,在外面调用startToSale方法,TicketManager里面sale方法加锁,保证线程安全。
// TicketManager.m
// Thread
//
// Created by Summer on 2018/12/25.
// Copyright © 2018 Summer. All rights reserved.
//
#import "TicketManager.h"
#define Total 50
@interface TicketManager ()
@property (nonatomic,assign) NSInteger tickets;//剩余票数
@property (nonatomic,assign) NSInteger saleCount;//卖出票数
//使用NSThread
//@property (nonatomic,strong) NSThread *threadBJ;//北京票点
//@property (nonatomic,strong) NSThread *threadSH;//上海票点
//使用NSInvocationOperation + NSOperationQueue
@property (nonatomic , strong) NSInvocationOperation *operationBJ;
@property (nonatomic , strong) NSInvocationOperation *operationSH;
@property (nonatomic , strong) NSOperationQueue *queue;
/*
NSLock、NSConditionLock、NSRecursiveLock、NSCondition加锁方式都一样,都是实现NSLocking协议
*/
@property (nonatomic,strong) NSCondition *condition;
@property (nonatomic , strong) dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore;
@end
@implementation TicketManager
- (instancetype)init{
self = [super init];
if (self) {
_condition = [[NSCondition alloc]init];
_semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(1);
_tickets = Total;
// _threadBJ = [[NSThread alloc]initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(sale) object:nil];
// _threadSH = [[NSThread alloc]initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(sale) object:nil];
// [_threadBJ setName:@"北京"];
// [_threadSH setName:@"上海"];
_operationBJ = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(sale) object:nil];
[_operationBJ setName:@"北京"];
_operationSH = [[NSInvocationOperation alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(sale) object:nil];
[_operationSH setName:@"上海"];
}
return self;
}
- (void)sale{
while (1) {
//1、synchronized
@synchronized (self) {
if (self.tickets > 0 ) {
[NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:0.1];
self.tickets --;
self.saleCount = Total - self.tickets;
NSLog(@"%@ , 卖出 = %ld,剩余= %ld",[NSThread currentThread],(long)self.saleCount,(long)self.tickets);
}else{
break;//一定要break,不然就会死循环
}
}
// 2、NSCondition
// [self.condition lock];
// if (self.tickets > 0 ) {
// [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:0.1];
// self.tickets --;
// self.saleCount = Total - self.tickets;
// NSLog(@"%@ , 卖出 = %d,剩余= %d",[NSThread currentThread].name,self.saleCount,self.tickets);
// }else{
// break;
// }
// [self.condition unlock];
//
//3、dispatch_semaphore方式
// dispatch_semaphore_wait(self.semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
// if (self.tickets > 0 ) {
// [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:0.1];
// self.tickets --;
// self.saleCount = Total - self.tickets;
// NSLog(@"%@ , 卖出 = %d,剩余= %d",[NSThread currentThread].name,self.saleCount,self.tickets);
// }else{
// dispatch_semaphore_signal(self.semaphore);
// break;
// }
// dispatch_semaphore_signal(self.semaphore);
}
}
- (void)startToSale{
// [_threadSH start];
// [_threadBJ start];
_queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc]init];
[_queue addOperation:_operationBJ];
[_queue addOperation:_operationSH];
}
输出结果:正常卖票
省略一部分
2019-01-07 14:46:23.488836+0800 Thread[1622:63417] , 卖出 = 45,剩余= 5
2019-01-07 14:46:23.592623+0800 Thread[1622:63417] , 卖出 = 46,剩余= 4
2019-01-07 14:46:23.695578+0800 Thread[1622:63417] , 卖出 = 47,剩余= 3
2019-01-07 14:46:23.798669+0800 Thread[1622:63417] , 卖出 = 48,剩余= 2
2019-01-07 14:46:23.903085+0800 Thread[1622:63417] , 卖出 = 49,剩余= 1
2019-01-07 14:46:24.007916+0800 Thread[1622:63417] , 卖出 = 50,剩余= 0
到此NSOperation
+ NSOperationQueue
就结束了,多线程系列也结束了,2019继续加油~~
参考博客:
iOS 多线程:『NSOperation、NSOperationQueue』详尽总结
iOS多线程慕课网视频
文章链接:
iOS 多线程- pThread和NSThread
iOS 多线程-GCD
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