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【英语学习】的进阶(4):语法进阶 之 非谓语动词

【英语学习】的进阶(4):语法进阶 之 非谓语动词

作者: 湖说英语 | 来源:发表于2018-11-06 13:36 被阅读66次

    【英语学习】这个系列的文章,共99篇,这是第20篇!

    【英语学习】的基本功(3)中,我们讲解了基础语法,要点:

    1. 词性

    2. 句子成分

    3. 简单句

    4. 非谓语动词

    5. 并列句和复合句

    这是宏观语法框架,简洁清晰:

    1. 词性 好比 基本建材(砖瓦、水泥等)

    2. 句子成分 好比 基本名称(客厅、餐厅、厨房等)

    3. 简单句 好比 普通商品房

    4. 非谓语动词 好比 人工复合建材

    5. 并列句和复合句 好比 洋房、别墅等

    这些内容如此简单,可现实中为何还有很多学生觉得语法很难呢?

    这是因为以上宏观内容只要认知即可,而其中的微观细节内容需要厘清并理解,这事不容易。

    此进阶(4)系列文章分析这些语法疑难点,此篇分析语法疑难点之非谓语动词

    1

    不定式:(to) do

    顾名思义:不一定是什么词性的成分

    功能:多样(除谓语)

    表示:目的、将来

    例子

    I hope to see you again. (做宾语)

    I have a letter to write. (做定语)

    To see is to believe. (做主语)

    It takes time and effort to master English.

    ( it 做形式主语,不定式做真正主语)

    I think it hard to answer the question in one go.

    ( it 做形式宾语,不定式做真正宾语)

    The need to love and to be loved seems universal.

    (做同位语:解释need的内容)

    They don't allow people to smoke in the theater.

    (做宾语补足语)

    疑难点:

    He is interesting to listen to.

    这句话中不定式做什么成分呢?

    这句话又该如何理解呢?

    “他对听别人讲话很感兴趣。”

    这是很多同学的错误理解。

    改为:It is interesting to listen to him.

    或:To listen to him is interesting.

    想必,这时就比较容易理解了。

    to listen to him这个不定式做主语。

    “听他讲话很有趣。”

    所以,不定式在英语中的使用非常灵活,我们必须识别清楚所做成分,才能准确理解句意。

    疑难点:

    1) I have nothing to do but wait.

    2) I have no choice but to wait.

    句1中的不定式省略了 to(必须省略)

    句2中的不定式保留了 to (必须保留)

    对于这类固定用法,不必纠结,记住即可。

    动名词:doing

    顾名思义:把动词变成名词

    功能:当名词用

    例子

    Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.(做主语)

    They are considering buying the house before the prices go up. (做宾语)

    (are considering是整体,谓语动词的现在进行时,注意与buying这个非谓语区分)

    I am looking forward to hearing from you.(作宾语)

    (注意此处to为介词,不可和不定式混淆)

    I have a hard time getting used to living in a big place. (做宾语)

    (getting做的是 have a hard time这个固定结构中的宾语;living做的是 get used to这个词组后的宾语)

    His hobby is collecting stamps. (做表语)

    (注意不要把 is collecting看成谓语动词的现在进行时,意思上不合理;而是非谓语动词)

    Frank is looking for a book in the reading room. (做定语)

    以上例句中有些既包含be doing现在进行时结构又包含doing动名词结构时,这是一个疑难点,需根据形式和意思来厘清。

    疑难点:

    1) Would you mind telling us the whole story?

    2) Would you mind Tom's telling us the whole story?

    两句中的动名词都是做宾语成分。

    句1中,telling的逻辑主语是you;

    句2中,telling的逻辑主语是Tom;

    所以,和不定式一样,搞清楚逻辑主语(或宾语),对于理解句意很关键。

    分词

    顾名思义:跟精神分裂一样(动词的意思,形容词的词性)

    功能:当形容词用

    类型:

    1. 现在分词:doing

    表示:主动(语态)、 进行或一般(时态)

    例子:

    the rising sun (做定语)

    =the sun that is rising

    表主动、进行

    a puzzling problem(做定语)

    =a problem that puzzles people

    表主动、一般

    2. 过去分词:done

    表示:被动或主动(语态)、完成或一般(时态)

    例子:

    a respected writer

    =a writer who is respected

    表被动、一般(及物动词)

    the broken cup

    =the cup that has been broken before

    表被动、完成(及物动词)

    returned students

    =students that have returned from abroad

    表主动、完成(不及物动词:无被动)

    分词综合例子:

    Looking out of the window, I saw lots of people on the street. (做状语)

    (注意主句主语必须是looking的逻辑主语)

    Weather permitting , we'll be going fishing tomorrow. (做状语)

    (注意与上句的差异:此句有独立的主语weather,独立主格结构)

    Generally speaking, men are stronger than women. (做状语)

    (注意,此句分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致;这是特殊结构,无需纠结,记住即可)

    类似的还有:

    considering that...(=since既然)

    seeing that...(=since既然)

    supposing that(=if 假如)

    granting that...(=though尽管)

    allowing that...(考虑到)

    judging from...

    talking of...

    allowing for...(考虑到)

    Having lived in Canada for three years, he still can't speak English well. (分词的完成时;做让步状语)

    It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday. (做结果状语,位于主句后)

    The question being discussed is very important.(分词的被动语态;做定语)

    Do you hear all those different birds singing in the park?(分词做宾语补足语)

    注意:两种不能用作定语的分词结构

    1. 分词的完成式having done或having been done不能用在名词后面作后置定语,而只作状语。

    The Chinese children having been raised in the US can speak fluent English.(❌)

    应改为:The Chinese children having been raised in the US, we find they have a totally different value from that of those raised in China.

    2. 不及物动词(如grow)的过去分词(如grown)只能作前置定语,不能作后置定语。

    The Chinese children grown in the US can speak fluent English.(❌)

    应该为:The Chinese children who have grown in the US can speak fluent English.

    注意:不能用作状语的分词结构

    不及物动词(如grow)的过去分词(如grown)不能作状语,但它的完成式(having grown)可以作状语。

    Grown in a small village, I developed a great interest in... (❌)

    应该为:Having grown in a small village, I developed a great interest in...

    2

    非谓语在阅读中的理解:

    阅读中:Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals. (选自托福阅读)

    阅读过程中的大脑分析步骤:

    1. 识别主句:the group repeats, refines and formalizes... (三个谓语动词并列)

    2. perceiving an apparent connection between A and B 为次要成分(perceiving...这个非谓语结构做主句的状语成分)

    3. 结构A中,performed by the group这个非谓语结构做定语,修饰certain actions

    4. 结构B中,it desires是定语从句,修饰the result,其中省略了定语从句前的that

    5. 梳理关系和指代:perceiving的逻辑主语是主句主语the group;it代指the group;those actions代指certain actions

    6. 理解意思:这个群体察觉到自己的某些行为和渴望的结果之间有明显关联,(于是)把这些特定行为重复、改进、并确定为固定的仪式或惯例。

    以上步骤,

    有些学生分不清主次和关系,

    有些学生看不出三个谓语动词并列,

    有些学生误把performed当成谓语动词过去时,

    有些学生不认识 it desires这个定语从句,

    有些学生不知道代词指代对象,

    有些学生生词太多,

    ......

    中间任何一步有偏差,就会导致阅读理解有偏差。

    这个步骤其实也是提高阅读实力的精读过程:

    分清主次,识别语法成分

    理解含有谓语动词的主句,

    理解含有非谓语动词等的次要成分,

    明确逻辑关系和代词指代对象

    识别单词,并综合理解整句

    以上是长难句分析;若是段落,则再加上:

    明确哪些句子是主题?哪些句子是细节支持?

    每个句子间的逻辑关系?

    所以,理解阅读中长难句的核心之一就是分清谓语动词与非谓语动词。

    长难句分析练习(选自托福阅读):

    1. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.

    2. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emergingout of myth and ritual.

    3. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life.

    3

    非谓语在写作中的运用:

    写作中:

    1. 表达:“要学好英语,大量练习是必要的”

    To study English well, a lot of practices are needed.❌

    因为主语a lot of practices不能作不定式to study的逻辑主语。

    可改为:To study English well, you need a lot of practices.

    注意:非谓语的逻辑主语

    2. 表达:“这些在美国长大的中国孩子能说很流利的英语”

    The Chinese children having been raised in the US can speak fluent English.❌

    因为分词的完成式having done或having been done不能用在名词后面作后置定语。

    可改为:The Chinese children who have been raised in the US can speak fluent English.

    注意:分词使用的特殊情况;可用定语从句来替换

    3. 表达:“这本书值得一读”

    The book is worth reading.✅

    固定搭配,be worth doing,主动形式表被动意思

    可改为:

    The book is worthy of being read.✅

    The book is worthy to be read.✅

    注意:积累固定搭配,如consider doing

    4. 表达:“首先,我谨代表...”

    To begin with, on behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality.✅

    注意:不定式独立使用;写作中常用

    5. 表达:“他当时提到过有危险”

    He spoke of being danger. ❌

    因为这里要表示“有危险”的意思,而不是“是危险”,所以应当用“there be”结构的动名词形式。

    He spoke of there being danger.✅

    注意:there be结构的动名词或不定式形式

    翻译练习:

    1. 很抱歉我周四没能来。

    2. 今天早晨我进屋的时候,他碰巧正在唱歌。

    3. 老师不只是授业解惑,他们还是年轻生命的力量源泉。

    4. 已经失败了两次,他决定放弃。

    5. 我往窗外一瞥,正好看见玛丽在过马路。

    总结

    英语学习的核心思想是:主次分明!

    【英语学习】的基本功(3)以及【英语学习】的进阶(4):语法进阶 之 时态 我们围绕谓语动词(主要成分)进行分析;此篇则分析了次要成分非谓语动词,分别要从三种非谓语的结构、意义和功能来理解。

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