# Lesson 31
### New words and expressions 生词和短语
1. garden n. 花园
- gardener 园丁
- gardening 园艺
2. under prep. 在...之下 往往指正下方,不接触
> e.g. There is a cat under the table.
- over prep 在...之上
> A plane is flying over my head.
3. tree n. 树
4. climb v. 爬,攀登(一般指向上爬)
> e.g. climb a tree.
5. who pron. 谁 特殊疑问词,一般做主语,也可做宾语
- whom 谁 只做宾语
```
e.g. Who is climbing the tree?
e.g. Whom are you talking about?
```
6. run v. 跑
7. grass n. 草地
8. after prep. 在...之后
```
e.g. aafternoon
e.g. After you. 您先请
对应 before 在...之前
```
9. across prep. 横过,穿过(多指从表面穿过)
```
英文中很多介词有动词之意
用时之前加实义动词后跟宾语
walk across the grass 走过草地
swim across the river 游过这条河
区分 cross v. 穿过
e.g. 他在穿过街道
He is crossing the street.
= He is walking across the street.
```
10. cat n. 猫
- kitty 小猫
```
What about + n/doing?
What about having a break?
What about going home?
```
#### 时态
- 即时间和形态,动词体现形态。不同时间所体现出来的形态不一样。
- 英文中时态的不同靠动词来体现
- 任何时态需掌握两条:结构和用法(即使用场合)
### 现在进行时态
- 结构: am/is/are + doing(动词现在分词)
```
即 I am doing...
He/She/It is doing...
We/You/They are doing...
```
- am/is/are 在此作为助动词,没有实际意义,帮助动词doing一起做谓语
- 表示“是”时为系动词
- 不论做何种用途,主谓一致的规则不变
#### 动词现在分词构成
1. 一般动词在词尾加ing
```
read-reading
cook-cooking
climb-climbing
```
2. 以不发音e结尾的动词去e再加ing
```
make-making
type-typing
come-coming
```
3. 重读闭音节结尾的动词,双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing
- 最后结尾的3个音标是辅元辅并且重读就是重读闭音节
- 简单判断:结尾三个字母辅元辅
```
put-putting
run-running
begin-beginning
sharpen-sharpening
```
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