It wasn't until the industrial revolution that people saw significant and sustained increase in their standard of living.
直到工业革命出现，人们的生活水平才出现了显著持久的提升。
Populations skyrocketed, but so did life expectancy and food supplies and hospitals, and eventually toilets and refrigerators.
人口数量飞速增长，人类寿命、食物供应和医疗设施大幅提升，甚至抽水马桶和冰箱的数量也越来越多。
Adam Smith（亚当·斯密）, the first modern economist, wrote his book "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations "《国家财富的本质与原因的研究》,or "AIITNACOTWON"《国富论》.
It was specialization or what he called the division of labor that made countries wealthy.
正是“专业化”，即他所说的“劳动分工”使国家变得富有。
Specialization makes people more productive, but Adam Smith said that it's trade that makes them better off.
专业化使人们更有效率，贸易交换使人们更加富裕。
Economic model 经济学模型
Models are just visuals to help us simplify and explain concepts.
Production possibilities frontier（PPF）生产可能性边界
Comparative advantage 相对优势/比较优势
Individuals and countries should specialize in producing things in which they have a comparative advantage and then trade with other countries that specialize in something else. This trade is mutually beneficial.
Absolute advantage 绝对优势
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