模板模式 - 行为型

一、模板模式的定义
模板方法模式在一个方法中定义一个算法骨架，并将某些步骤推迟到子类中实现。模板方法模式可以让子类在不改变算法整体结构的情况下，重新定义算法中的某些步骤。

说明：这里的“算法”，我们可以理解为广义上的“业务逻辑”，并不特指数据结构和算法中的“算法”。这里的算法骨架就是“模板”，包含算法骨架的方法就是“模板方法”。

解决的问题：复用和扩展。

二、模板模式的实现
已经实现templateMethod() 函数，是为了避免子类重写它。method1() 和 method2() 定义为 abstract，是为了强迫子类去实现。

public abstract class AbstractClass {
  public void templateMethod() {
    //...
    method1();
    //...
    method2();
    //...
  }
  
  protected abstract void method1();
  protected abstract void method2();
}

public class ConcreteClass1 extends AbstractClass {
  @Override
  protected void method1() {
    //...
  }
  
  @Override
  protected void method2() {
    //...
  }
}

public class ConcreteClass2 extends AbstractClass {
  @Override
  protected void method1() {
    //...
  }
  
  @Override
  protected void method2() {
    //...
  }
}

AbstractClass demo = ConcreteClass1();
demo.templateMethod();

三、模板模式的应用场景
1.复用
Java IO 类库中，有很多类的设计用到了模板模式，比如 InputStream、OutputStream、Reader、Writer。InputStream如下所示。

public abstract class InputStream implements Closeable {
  //...省略其他代码...
  
  public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
    if (b == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException();
    } else if (off < 0 || len < 0 || len > b.length - off) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
    } else if (len == 0) {
      return 0;
    }

    int c = read();
    if (c == -1) {
      return -1;
    }
    b[off] = (byte)c;

    int i = 1;
    try {
      for (; i < len ; i++) {
        c = read();
        if (c == -1) {
          break;
        }
        b[off + i] = (byte)c;
      }
    } catch (IOException ee) {
    }
    return i;
  }
  
  public abstract int read() throws IOException;
}

public class ByteArrayInputStream extends InputStream {
  //...省略其他代码...
  
  @Override
  public synchronized int read() {
    return (pos < count) ? (buf[pos++] & 0xff) : -1;
  }
}

2.扩展
基于扩展功能，模板模式常用在框架的开发中，让框架用户可以在不修改框架源码的情况下，定制化框架的功能。下面通过Java Servlet解释。

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
  @Override
  protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    this.doPost(req, resp);
  }
  
  @Override
  protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    resp.getWriter().write("Hello World.");
  }
}

下面的service() 方法定义在父类 HttpServlet 中，它会调用 doGet() 或 doPost() 方法，然后输出数据（“Hello world”）到网页。

public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)
    throws ServletException, IOException
{
    HttpServletRequest  request;
    HttpServletResponse response;
    if (!(req instanceof HttpServletRequest &&
            res instanceof HttpServletResponse)) {
        throw new ServletException("non-HTTP request or response");
    }
    request = (HttpServletRequest) req;
    response = (HttpServletResponse) res;
    service(request, response);
}

protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
    throws ServletException, IOException
{
    String method = req.getMethod();
    if (method.equals(METHOD_GET)) {
        long lastModified = getLastModified(req);
        if (lastModified == -1) {
            // servlet doesn't support if-modified-since, no reason
            // to go through further expensive logic
            doGet(req, resp);
        } else {
            long ifModifiedSince = req.getDateHeader(HEADER_IFMODSINCE);
            if (ifModifiedSince < lastModified) {
                // If the servlet mod time is later, call doGet()
                // Round down to the nearest second for a proper compare
                // A ifModifiedSince of -1 will always be less
                maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified);
                doGet(req, resp);
            } else {
                resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_MODIFIED);
            }
        }
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_HEAD)) {
        long lastModified = getLastModified(req);
        maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified);
        doHead(req, resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_POST)) {
        doPost(req, resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_PUT)) {
        doPut(req, resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_DELETE)) {
        doDelete(req, resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_OPTIONS)) {
        doOptions(req,resp);
    } else if (method.equals(METHOD_TRACE)) {
        doTrace(req,resp);
    } else {
        String errMsg = lStrings.getString("http.method_not_implemented");
        Object[] errArgs = new Object[1];
        errArgs[0] = method;
        errMsg = MessageFormat.format(errMsg, errArgs);
        resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, errMsg);
    }
}