在看VSCODE源码的时候,看到这样一部分代码:
class ... {
constructor(
...
@IStorageService private storageService: IStorageService
...
) {}
}
疑惑之际,查看一下官方文档:https://www.tslang.cn/docs/handbook/decorators.html#metadata。
如文档所说,这个是TypeScript新加的一个特性:装饰器。装饰器是一个函数,在运行时会被调用。学过C++的朋友都知道,有很多的代码是跑在在main函数被调用之前的。那么这个装饰器是不是类似的特性呢?
我们先来写个demo.ts,看看其中一个参数装饰器的行为。
console.log('Begin');
function nameDec(target: Object, propertyKey: string | symbol, parameterIndex: number) {
console.log(target);
console.log(propertyKey);
console.log(parameterIndex)
}
class Demo {
constructor(@nameDec private name: string) {
console.log(name);
}
}
new Demo('Demo');
编译:
tsc --build tsconfig.json
运行:
node demo.js
结果:
Begin
[Function: Demo]
undefined
0
Demo
可以看到,装饰器的函数是跑在构造函数前面的。再编译出的demo.js看看装饰器做了什么事情:
var __decorate = (this && this.__decorate) || function (decorators, target, key, desc) {
var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;
if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.decorate === "function") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);
else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;
return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;
};
var __param = (this && this.__param) || function (paramIndex, decorator) {
return function (target, key) { decorator(target, key, paramIndex); }
};
console.log('Begin');
function nameDec(target, propertyKey, parameterIndex) {
console.log(target);
console.log(propertyKey);
console.log(parameterIndex);
}
var Demo = /** @class */ (function () {
function Demo(name) {
this.name = name;
console.log(name);
}
Demo = __decorate([
__param(0, nameDec)
], Demo);
return Demo;
}());
new Demo('Demo');
那么,装饰器有什么运用场景呢?我们来看一个vscode的一段代码:
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// file.1
// 创建参数装饰器IStorageService
export const ID = 'storageService';
// createDecorator返回一个函数
export const IStorageService = createDecorator<IStorageService>(ID);
export interface IStorageService {
_serviceBrand: any;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// file.2
// createDecorator实现
function storeServiceDependency(id: Function, target: Function, index: number, optional: boolean): void {
// 这里给constructor原型增加了一个_util.DI_DEPENDENCIES成员,同时将保存参数id和index
if (target[_util.DI_TARGET] === target) {
target[_util.DI_DEPENDENCIES].push({ id, index, optional });
} else {
target[_util.DI_DEPENDENCIES] = [{ id, index, optional }];
target[_util.DI_TARGET] = target;
}
}
export function createDecorator<T>(serviceId: string): { (...args: any[]): void; type: T; } {
if (_util.serviceIds.has(serviceId)) {
return _util.serviceIds.get(serviceId);
}
// createDecorator返回这个函数,函数调用storeServiceDependency
const id = <any>function (target: Function, key: string, index: number): any {
if (arguments.length !== 3) {
throw new Error('@IServiceName-decorator can only be used to decorate a parameter');
}
storeServiceDependency(id, target, index, false);
};
id.toString = () => serviceId;
_util.serviceIds.set(serviceId, id);
return id;
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// file.3
// 在构造函数中使用参数装饰器IStorageService
export class SuggestMemories {
...
constructor(
mode: MemMode,
// 装饰_storageService
@IStorageService private readonly _storageService: IStorageService
) {
this._persistSoon = new RunOnceScheduler(() => this._flush(), 3000);
this.setMode(mode);
}
...
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// file.4
// 使用createInstance创建SuggestMemories实例,只需传第一个参数
this._memory = _instantiationService.createInstance(SuggestMemories, this._editor.getConfiguration().contribInfo.suggestSelection);
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// file.5
// createInstance实现
private _createInstance<T>(desc: SyncDescriptor<T>, args: any[]): T {
// 收集没有被装饰的参数
let staticArgs = desc.staticArguments.concat(args);
// 通过id查找被装饰的参数
let serviceDependencies = _util.getServiceDependencies(desc.ctor).sort((a, b) => a.index - b.index);
let serviceArgs: any[] = [];
for (const dependency of serviceDependencies) {
let service = this._getOrCreateServiceInstance(dependency.id);
if (!service && this._strict && !dependency.optional) {
throw new Error(`[createInstance] ${desc.ctor.name} depends on UNKNOWN service ${dependency.id}.`);
}
serviceArgs.push(service);
}
...
// ctor构造函数
const argArray = [desc.ctor];
// 两者加起来刚好是ctor的全部需要的参数
argArray.push(...staticArgs);
argArray.push(...serviceArgs);
// 调用构造函数创建对象
// 这里调用了Function.apply
return <T>create.apply(null, argArray);
}
通俗点来说,就是利用TypeScript的弱类型特性和装饰器特性,实现了一个加强版默认参数。
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