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JAVA多线程-CountDownLatch计数器

JAVA多线程-CountDownLatch计数器

作者: hu1991die | 来源:发表于2018-05-30 15:31 被阅读29次

    一、概述

    CountDownLatch是一个同步工具类,它允许一个或多个线程等待其他线程执行完操作之后再继续执行。通常用于控制多个线程的执行顺序。

    二、基本原理

    我们可以把CountDownLatch看成是一个计数器,其内部维护着一个count计数,计数器的初始化值为需要控制的线程的数量,比如需要控制几个线程顺序执行我们就初始化传入几,之后每当其中一个线程完成了自己的任务后,就调用countDown()来使计数器减1;而在调用者线程中需要调用await()方法使得当前调用者线程一直处于阻塞状态,直至当计数器到达0时,就表明其他所有的线程都已经完成了任务,然后处于阻塞状态的调用者线程才可以继续往下执行。

    三、应用场景

    假如有这样一个需求,我们当前有一个任务,然后我们把这个任务进行分解成多个步骤完成,这个时候我们可以考虑使用多线程,每个线程完成一个步骤,等到所有的步骤都完成之后,程序提示任务完成。

    对于这个需求,通常我们要实现主线程等待所有线程完成任务之后才可继续操作,最为简单的做法是直接使用join()方法,代码如下:

    package com.feizi.java.concurrency.tool;
    
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
    
    /**
     * Created by feizi on 2018/5/30.
     */
    public class JoinTest {
        public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
            Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        System.out.println("step one has finished...");
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            });
    
            Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        System.out.println("step two has finished...");
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            });
    
            t1.start();
            t2.start();
            t1.join();
            t2.join();
    
            System.out.println("all thread has finished...");
        }
    }
    

    控制台输出结果:

    step one has finished...
    step two has finished...
    all thread has finished...
    
    Process finished with exit code 0
    

    join()方法主要用于让当前执行线程等到join线程执行结束才可继续执行。其实现原理就是不停地去检查join线程是否处于存活状态while (isAlive()),如果join线程存活则让当前线程永远wait,我们可以看下源码,wait(0)表示永远等待下去。
    join()的源码:

    public final void join() throws InterruptedException {
        join(0);
    }
    

    继续跟进去:

    public final synchronized void join(long millis)
        throws InterruptedException {
            long base = System.currentTimeMillis();
            long now = 0;
    
            if (millis < 0) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
            }
    
            if (millis == 0) {
                while (isAlive()) {
                    wait(0);
                }
            } else {
                while (isAlive()) {
                    long delay = millis - now;
                    if (delay <= 0) {
                        break;
                    }
                    wait(delay);
                    now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base;
                }
            }
        }
    

    我们可以看到,重点是这一句,如果存活,就调用wait(0),使得永远等待。

    while (isAlive()) {
        wait(0);
    }
    

    直到join线程中止后,线程的this.notifyAll()方法才会被调用,调用notifyAll是在JVM里实现的,所以JDK里看不到。

    而在JDK1.5之后的并发包中提供的CountDownLatch也可以实现join的这个功能,并且比join的功能更多。

    四、CountDownLatch使用

    4.1、例子1-CountDownLatchTest.java类:

    package com.feizi.java.concurrency.tool;
    
    import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
    
    /**
     * Created by feizi on 2018/5/30.
     */
    public class CountDownLatchTest {
        private static CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(2);
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
            new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    //步骤一完成
                    System.out.println("step one has finished...");
                    try {
                        //模拟步骤一耗时操作
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    //步骤一完成,调用countDown()方法,计数器就减1
                    latch.countDown();
    
                    //步骤二完成
                    System.out.println("step two has finished...");
                    try {
                        //模拟步骤二耗时操作
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    //步骤二完成,调用countDown()方法,计数器就减1
                    latch.countDown();
                }
            }).start();
    
            //步骤一和步骤二完成之前会阻塞住
            latch.await();
    
            //直到所有的步骤都完成,主线程才继续执行
            System.out.println("all steps have finished...");
        }
    }
    

    控制台输出结果:

    step one has finished...
    step two has finished...
    all steps have finished...
    
    Process finished with exit code 0
    

    4.2、例子2-CountDownLatchTest2.java类:

    package com.feizi.java.concurrency.tool;
    
    import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
    
    /**
     * Created by feizi on 2018/5/30.
     */
    public class CountDownLatchTest2 {
        private static CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(2);
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
            Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        System.out.println("step one has finished...");
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
    
                        //计数器减一
                        latch.countDown();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            });
    
            Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
                        System.out.println("step two has finished...");
    
                        //计数器减一
                        latch.countDown();
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                }
            });
    
            t1.start();
            t2.start();
            //计数器清零之前,阻塞住当前线程
            latch.await();
    
            System.out.println("all steps have finished...");
        }
    }
    

    控制台输出结果:

    step one has finished...
    step two has finished...
    all steps have finished...
    
    Process finished with exit code 0
    

    4.3、例子3-CountDownLatchTest3.java类

    package com.feizi.java.concurrency.tool;
    
    import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
    
    /**
     * Created by feizi on 2018/5/30.
     */
    public class CountDownLatchTest3 {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
            /*线程计数器*/
            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(2);
            Thread t1 = new Thread(new StepOneThread(latch));
            Thread t2 = new Thread(new StepTwoThread(latch));
    
            t1.start();
            t2.start();
    
            //调用await()阻塞当前线程,直至计数器清零才可继续执行
            latch.await();
            TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
            System.out.println("all steps has finished...");
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 步骤一线程
     */
    class StepOneThread implements Runnable{
    
        private CountDownLatch latch;
    
        public StepOneThread(CountDownLatch latch) {
            this.latch = latch;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                System.out.println("step one has finished...");
                //模拟步骤一耗时操作
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
                //步骤一完成计数器减一
                latch.countDown();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
    
    /**
     * 步骤二线程
     */
    class StepTwoThread implements Runnable{
    
        private CountDownLatch latch;
    
        public StepTwoThread(CountDownLatch latch) {
            this.latch = latch;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                //模拟步骤二耗时操作
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
                System.out.println("step two has finished...");
                //步骤二完成计数器减一
                latch.countDown();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
    

    控制台输出结果:

    step one has finished...
    step two has finished...
    all steps has finished...
    
    Process finished with exit code 0
    

    通过上述简单的例子,我们可以看到CountDownLatch的构造函数接收一个int类型的参数作为计数器count,如果你想等待n个任务完成后再执行,那么这里就直接传入n即可。

    当我们调用一次CountDownLatch的countDown()方法时,计数器count便会减1,而CountDownLatch的await()方法则会一直阻塞住当前线程,直至计数器count变为0。

    最佳实践:上面所说的n个任务,可以是n个线程(上述例子2和例子3),也可以是1个线程里的n个执行步骤(上述例子1),需要注意的是在运用于多个线程时,我们只需要把这个CountDownLatch的引用传递到线程里即可。

    五、其他方法

    最后需要注意的是,如果有某个任务特别耗时,而我们又不可能让调用者线程(比如主线程)一直等待下去,那么就可以指定等待的时间,比如这个方法await(long time, TimeUnit unit):此方法在等待指定的时间之后不会再阻塞在当前线程,另外join也有类似的方法。

    六、注意

    当我们初始化一个CountDownLatch时将其计数器初始化为0,则在调用await()方法时不会阻塞当前线程。比如:

    CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(0);
    

    原文参考

    1. https://www.jianshu.com/p/4b6fbdf5a08f
    2. http://ifeve.com/talk-concurrency-countdownlatch/

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