一、概述
CountDownLatch是一个同步工具类,它允许一个或多个线程等待其他线程执行完操作之后再继续执行。通常用于控制多个线程的执行顺序。
二、基本原理
我们可以把CountDownLatch看成是一个计数器,其内部维护着一个count计数,计数器的初始化值为需要控制的线程的数量,比如需要控制几个线程顺序执行我们就初始化传入几,之后每当其中一个线程完成了自己的任务后,就调用
countDown()
来使计数器减1;而在调用者线程中需要调用await()
方法使得当前调用者线程一直处于阻塞状态,直至当计数器到达0时,就表明其他所有的线程都已经完成了任务,然后处于阻塞状态的调用者线程才可以继续往下执行。
三、应用场景
假如有这样一个需求,我们当前有一个任务,然后我们把这个任务进行分解成多个步骤完成,这个时候我们可以考虑使用多线程,每个线程完成一个步骤,等到所有的步骤都完成之后,程序提示任务完成。
对于这个需求,通常我们要实现主线程等待所有线程完成任务之后才可继续操作,最为简单的做法是直接使用join()
方法,代码如下:
package com.feizi.java.concurrency.tool;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* Created by feizi on 2018/5/30.
*/
public class JoinTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("step one has finished...");
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("step two has finished...");
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
t1.start();
t2.start();
t1.join();
t2.join();
System.out.println("all thread has finished...");
}
}
控制台输出结果:
step one has finished...
step two has finished...
all thread has finished...
Process finished with exit code 0
join()方法主要用于让当前执行线程等到join线程执行结束才可继续执行。其实现原理就是不停地去检查join线程是否处于存活状态while (isAlive())
,如果join线程存活则让当前线程永远wait,我们可以看下源码,wait(0)
表示永远等待下去。
join()的源码:
public final void join() throws InterruptedException {
join(0);
}
继续跟进去:
public final synchronized void join(long millis)
throws InterruptedException {
long base = System.currentTimeMillis();
long now = 0;
if (millis < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
if (millis == 0) {
while (isAlive()) {
wait(0);
}
} else {
while (isAlive()) {
long delay = millis - now;
if (delay <= 0) {
break;
}
wait(delay);
now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base;
}
}
}
我们可以看到,重点是这一句,如果存活,就调用wait(0)
,使得永远等待。
while (isAlive()) {
wait(0);
}
直到join线程中止后,线程的this.notifyAll()
方法才会被调用,调用notifyAll是在JVM里实现的,所以JDK里看不到。
而在JDK1.5之后的并发包中提供的CountDownLatch也可以实现join的这个功能,并且比join的功能更多。
四、CountDownLatch使用
4.1、例子1-CountDownLatchTest.java类:
package com.feizi.java.concurrency.tool;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* Created by feizi on 2018/5/30.
*/
public class CountDownLatchTest {
private static CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(2);
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
//步骤一完成
System.out.println("step one has finished...");
try {
//模拟步骤一耗时操作
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//步骤一完成,调用countDown()方法,计数器就减1
latch.countDown();
//步骤二完成
System.out.println("step two has finished...");
try {
//模拟步骤二耗时操作
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//步骤二完成,调用countDown()方法,计数器就减1
latch.countDown();
}
}).start();
//步骤一和步骤二完成之前会阻塞住
latch.await();
//直到所有的步骤都完成,主线程才继续执行
System.out.println("all steps have finished...");
}
}
控制台输出结果:
step one has finished...
step two has finished...
all steps have finished...
Process finished with exit code 0
4.2、例子2-CountDownLatchTest2.java类:
package com.feizi.java.concurrency.tool;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* Created by feizi on 2018/5/30.
*/
public class CountDownLatchTest2 {
private static CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(2);
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("step one has finished...");
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
//计数器减一
latch.countDown();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
System.out.println("step two has finished...");
//计数器减一
latch.countDown();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
});
t1.start();
t2.start();
//计数器清零之前,阻塞住当前线程
latch.await();
System.out.println("all steps have finished...");
}
}
控制台输出结果:
step one has finished...
step two has finished...
all steps have finished...
Process finished with exit code 0
4.3、例子3-CountDownLatchTest3.java类
package com.feizi.java.concurrency.tool;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
/**
* Created by feizi on 2018/5/30.
*/
public class CountDownLatchTest3 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
/*线程计数器*/
CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(2);
Thread t1 = new Thread(new StepOneThread(latch));
Thread t2 = new Thread(new StepTwoThread(latch));
t1.start();
t2.start();
//调用await()阻塞当前线程,直至计数器清零才可继续执行
latch.await();
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
System.out.println("all steps has finished...");
}
}
/**
* 步骤一线程
*/
class StepOneThread implements Runnable{
private CountDownLatch latch;
public StepOneThread(CountDownLatch latch) {
this.latch = latch;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("step one has finished...");
//模拟步骤一耗时操作
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
//步骤一完成计数器减一
latch.countDown();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
/**
* 步骤二线程
*/
class StepTwoThread implements Runnable{
private CountDownLatch latch;
public StepTwoThread(CountDownLatch latch) {
this.latch = latch;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
//模拟步骤二耗时操作
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
System.out.println("step two has finished...");
//步骤二完成计数器减一
latch.countDown();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台输出结果:
step one has finished...
step two has finished...
all steps has finished...
Process finished with exit code 0
通过上述简单的例子,我们可以看到CountDownLatch的构造函数接收一个int类型的参数作为计数器count,如果你想等待n个任务完成后再执行,那么这里就直接传入n即可。
当我们调用一次CountDownLatch的
countDown()
方法时,计数器count便会减1,而CountDownLatch的await()
方法则会一直阻塞住当前线程,直至计数器count变为0。
最佳实践:上面所说的n个任务,可以是n个线程(上述例子2和例子3),也可以是1个线程里的n个执行步骤(上述例子1),需要注意的是在运用于多个线程时,我们只需要把这个CountDownLatch的引用传递到线程里即可。
五、其他方法
最后需要注意的是,如果有某个任务特别耗时,而我们又不可能让调用者线程(比如主线程)一直等待下去,那么就可以指定等待的时间,比如这个方法await(long time, TimeUnit unit)
:此方法在等待指定的时间之后不会再阻塞在当前线程,另外join也有类似的方法。
六、注意
当我们初始化一个CountDownLatch时将其计数器初始化为0,则在调用await()
方法时不会阻塞当前线程。比如:
CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(0);
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