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Django中间件的加载原理

Django中间件的加载原理

作者: naralv | 来源:发表于2019-07-03 03:56 被阅读0次

    假设我们有如下中间件:

    setting.py文件

    MIDDLEWARE = [
        'django.middleware.A',
        'django.middleware.B',
        'django.middleware.C',
        'django.middleware.D',
    ]
    

    Django中间件的五个方法调用顺序如下:

    • process_request(request)

      • process_view(request, view_func, args, kwargs)

        • if has exception process_exception(request, e)
      • process_template_response(request, response)

        • if has exception process_exception(request, e)
    • process_response(request, response)

    需要注意的是,process_response之前的4个方法中返回了任何的HTTPResponse对象,都不会触发process_response

    Django的中间件都必须继承MiddlewareMixin

    class MiddlewareMixin:
        # middleware_instance = A(B(C(D(_get_response))))
        # self.get_respons = B(C(D(_get_response))
        def __init__(self, get_response=None):
            self.get_response = get_response
            super().__init__()
    
        # 通过__call__实现一种类似递归调用的方式
        def __call__(self, request):
            response = None
            if hasattr(self, 'process_request'):
                # A(B(C(D(_get_response))))(request)会调用__call__(request)中的逻辑执行
                # 1. A(B(C(D(_get_response)))).process_request(request)  中间件A的process_request()方法被执行返回none
                response = self.process_request(request)
            if not response:
                # 2. response为None self.get_response 指的是A的B(C(D(_get_response)),B(C(D(_get_response))(request) 又会去调用
                #  __call__(request) ——> B(C(D(_get_response)).process_request(request)  中间件B的process_request()方法被执行返回none
                #  再次进入if not response分支 C(D(_get_response)(request)直到最后执行 _get_response(request)方法
                response = self.get_response(request)
            if hasattr(self, 'process_response'):
                response = self.process_response(request, response)
            return response
    

    父类的__call__()方法中只处理了中间件的process_requestprocess_response这个两个一头一尾的方法,中间的几个方法其实都封装在了get_response这个变量中。

    在Django启动时会初始化WSGIHandler类,会把ABCD四个中间件的对象实例化出来

    class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
        ...
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
    
            # 加载中间件实例到内存中,此时中间件实例的各种方法已经被包裹在 _get_response() 方法的前后了
            self.load_middleware()
    
        # __call__方法会在一个新的子线程中被调用
        def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
            ...
            request = self.request_class(environ)
            # get_response是父类的方法,调用此方法触发self._middleware_chain()的递归调用
            response = self.get_response(request)
            ..
            return response
    

    中间件的加载由父类BaseHandlerload_middleware()方法实现

    首先看load_middleware()方法:

    class BaseHandler:
        ...
        def load_middleware(self):
    
            self._request_middleware = []
            self._view_middleware = []
            self._template_response_middleware = []
            self._response_middleware = []
            self._exception_middleware = []
    
            # 这里可以直接把handler看做是self._get_response方法
            handler = convert_exception_to_response(self._get_response)
            # 通过for循环,按照逆序依次实例化要加载的中间件
            for middleware_path in reversed(settings.MIDDLEWARE):
                # 通过中间件的类全命加载他们的类对象
                middleware = import_string(middleware_path)
                try:
                    # 然后把handler作为参数,实例化中间件
                    mw_instance = middleware(handler)
                except MiddlewareNotUsed as exc:
                    if settings.DEBUG:
                        if str(exc):
                            logger.debug('MiddlewareNotUsed(%r): %s', middleware_path, exc)
                        else:
                            logger.debug('MiddlewareNotUsed: %r', middleware_path)
                    continue
    
                if mw_instance is None:
                    raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                        'Middleware factory %s returned None.' % middleware_path
                    )
    
                # 把含有'process_view'方法的中间件对象放入到self._view_middleware列表[]中
                if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_view'):
                    self._view_middleware.insert(0, mw_instance.process_view)
                # 把含有'process_template_response'方法的中间件对象放入到self._template_response_middleware列表[]中
                if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_template_response'):
                    self._template_response_middleware.append(mw_instance.process_template_response)
                # 把含有'process_exception'方法的中间件对象放入到self._exception_middleware列表[]中
                if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_exception'):
                    self._exception_middleware.append(mw_instance.process_exception)
                # 这里的hanler可以直接看做是mw_instance,即一个中间件实例对象
                handler = convert_exception_to_response(mw_instance)
    
            # We only assign to this when initialization is complete as it is used
            # as a flag for initialization being complete.
            # 循环结束时handler是第一个中间件实例对象A(B(C(D(_get_response))))
            self._middleware_chain = handler
    

    可以从for循环开始分析,看看ABCD这4个中间件时如何被实例化加载到内存中的

    第一次:

    • handler = _get_response
    • 实例化中间件D(handler)
    • 依次查看D中是否有process_viewprocess_exceptionprocess_template_response有就放入响应的列表中去。
    • 赋值 handler = D(_get_response)

    第二次:

    • handler = D(_get_response)
    • 实例化中间件C(handler)
    • 依次查看C中是否有process_viewprocess_exceptionprocess_template_response有就放入响应的列表中去。
    • 赋值 handler = C(D(_get_response))

    第三次:

    • handler = C(D(_get_response))
    • 实例化中间件B(handler)
    • 依次查看B中是否有process_viewprocess_exceptionprocess_template_response有就放入响应的列表中去。
    • 赋值 handler = B(C(D(_get_response)))

    第四次:

    • handler = B(C(D(_get_response)))
    • 实例化中间件A(handler)
    • 依次查看A中是否有process_viewprocess_exceptionprocess_template_response有就放入响应的列表中去。
    • 赋值 handler = A(B(C(D(_get_response))))

    到此为止for循环结束,handler = A(B(C(D(_get_response)))),也就是这四个中间件的实例都加载到内存了,同时把他们的process_viewprocess_exceptionprocess_template_response这3个方法分别放到了对应的3个列表中。最后self._middleware_chain = handler,也就是把handler赋值给了WSGIHandler对象的实例属性self._middleware_chain。然后self._middleware_chain会在BaseHandlerget_response方法中被调用。

    class BaseHandler:
        def get_response(self, request):
    
            set_urlconf(settings.ROOT_URLCONF)
    
            # 此函数完成对中间件的各个函数调用已经视图函数的调用
            # 首先依次调用中间件A,B,C,D的process_request
    
            # 之后调用_get_respones()方法,_get_respones()方法又会调用在load_middleware()方法中从中间件中添加的process_view函数,
            # process_template_response和 process_exception函数
    
            # 最后依次调用中间件的process_response方法
            response = self._middleware_chain(request)
    
            response._closable_objects.append(request)
            ...
            return response
    
        def _get_response(self, request):
            ...
            return response
    

    self._middleware_chain(request)被调用时,即A(B(C(D(_get_response))))(request)

    • A-CALL-1 response = A.process_request(request)
    • A-CALL-2 response is None, response = B(C(D(_get_response)))(request)
      • B-CALL-1 response = B.process_request(request)
      • B-CALL-2 response is None, response = C(D(_get_response))(request)
        • C-CALL-1 response = C.process_request(request)
        • C-CALL-2 response is None, response = D(_get_response)(request)
          • D-CALL-1 response = D.process_request(request)
          • D-CALL-2 response is None, response = _get_response(request)
          • D-CALL-3 response is not None response = D.process_response(request, response) retrun C-CALL-2
        • C- CALL-3 response is not None, response = C.process_response(request, response) retrun B-CALL-2
      • B-CALL-3 response is not None, response = B.process_response(request, response) retrun A-CALL-2
    • A-CALL-3 response is not None, response = A.process_response(request, response) retrun response

    MiddlewareMixin的__call__方法中分为三步:

    1. response = self.process_request(request)
    2. response = self.get_response(request)
    3. response = self.process_response(request, response)

    最后 return response

    解释下这个调用层级图:

    A-CALL-1: 代表执行 中间件A实例对象的__call__的第一步

    A-CALL-2: 代表执行 中间件A实例对象的__call__的第二步

    A-CALL-3: 代表执行 中间件A实例对象的__call__的第三步

    最终_get_response函数在被调用前依次会调用A,B,C,Dprocess_request方法,然后再执行_get_response函数,最后再依次调用它们的process_response方法。

    在D-CALL-2 response is None, response = _get_response(request)这一步中,会调用_get_response方法,我们再来看一下这个方法:

    class BaseHandler:
        
            def _get_response(self, request):
                # 调用视图函数和process_view函数, process_exception函数,process_template_response函数
    
                response = None
                ...
                # 1. 找通过url匹配找到视图函数callback
                resolver_match = resolver.resolve(request.path_info)
                callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs = resolver_match
                ...
    
                # 2. 调用_view_middleware列表中的所有中间件的proces_view
                for middleware_method in self._view_middleware:
                    response = middleware_method(request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
                    if response:
                        break
    
                # 3. 调用视图函数
                if response is None:
                    wrapped_callback = self.make_view_atomic(callback)
                    try:
                        response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
                    except Exception as e:
                        response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
                ...
        
                # 4. 调用_template_response_middleware列表中保存的中间件的process__template_response方法,如果有异常则会调用_exception_middleware列表中的process_exception方法
                elif hasattr(response, 'render') and callable(response.render):
                    for middleware_method in self._template_response_middleware:
                        response = middleware_method(request, response)
                        # Complain if the template response middleware returned None (a common error).
                        if response is None:
                            raise ValueError(
                                "%s.process_template_response didn't return an "
                                "HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
                                % (middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__)
                            )
        
                    try:
                        response = response.render()
                    except Exception as e:
                        response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
        
                return response
    

    这个方法的主要逻辑:

    1. 找通过url匹配找到视图函数callback

    2. 调用_view_middleware列表中的所有中间件的proces_view

    3. 调用视图函数callback

    4. 调用_template_response_middleware列表中保存的中间件的

    5. process__template_response方法,如果有异常则会调用_exception_middleware列表中的process_exception方法

    总结

    通过继承MiddlewareMixin类的__call__方法实现了一种类似递归的调用。

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