1 Hystrix 简介
在微服务架构中,微服务之间通过网络进行通信,存在相互依赖,当其中一个服务不可用时,有可能会造成雪崩效应。要防止这样的情况,必须要有容错机制来保护服务。
Hystrix是Netflix开源的一个延迟和容错库,它主要实现了以下几点:
- 包裹请求
使用HystrixCommand(或HystrixObservableCommand)包裹对依赖的调用逻辑,每个命令在独立线程中执行。 - 跳闸机制
当某服务的错误率超过一定阈值时,Hystrix可以自动或手动跳闸,停止请求该服务一段时间。 - 资源隔离
Hystrix为每个依赖都维护了一个小型的线程池(或信号量),如果该线程池已满,发往该依赖的请求就被立即拒绝。 - 监控
Hystrix可以近乎实时地监控运行指标和配置的变化。 - 回退机制
当请求失败、超时、被拒绝,或者当断路器打开时,执行回退逻辑。 - 自我修复
当断路器打开一段时间后,会自动进入“半打开”状态,允许一个请求访问依赖的服务,如果该请求成功,则关闭断路器,否则继续保持打开状态。
2 整合Hystrix
2.1 Ribbon整合Hystrix
1.添加相应的依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
2.在启动类里添加@EnableCircuitBreaker
或者 @EnableHystrix
注解
@EnableCircuitBreaker
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@SpringBootApplication
public class RibbonDemoApplication {
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
public RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(RibbonDemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
3.为需要容错的方法添加@HystrixCommand
注解,并使用fallbackMethod属性指定回退方法
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "errorFallback")
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String hello() {
return this.restTemplate.getForObject("http://eureka-client-demo/hello", String.class);
}
public String errorFallback() {
return "Error!";
}
@HystrixCommand
的配置类似下面:
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "stubMyService",
commandProperties = {
@HystrixProperty(name="execution.isolation.strategy", value="SEMAPHORE")
}
)
2.2 Feign使用Hystrix
1.Spring Cloud 中,Feign默认已经整合了Hystrix,所以只需要在配置中启用Hystrix就会包裹全部Feign Client中的方法:
feign:
hystrix:
enabled: true
2.编写回退方法,编写一个Feign Client的实现类,在@FeignClient
的fallback属性指定对应的类:
@FeignClient(name = "eureka-client-demo", fallback = ErrorFallback.class)
public interface DemoFeignClient {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String hello();
}
@Component
public class ErrorFallback implements DemoFeignClient {
@Override
public String hello() {
return "Error!";
}
}
3.如果需要回退方法打印错误信息,可以使用fallbackFactory(fallback和fallbackFactory只能使用其中一种):
@FeignClient(name = "eureka-client-demo", fallbackFactory = ErrorFallbackFactory.class)
public interface DemoFeignClient {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String hello();
}
@Component
public class ErrorFallbackFactory implements FallbackFactory<DemoFeignClient> {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ErrorFallbackFactory.class);
@Override
public DemoFeignClient create(Throwable throwable) {
return new DemoFeignClient() {
@Override
public String hello() {
//如果在create()中打印错误信息的话,在应用程序启动时就会打印
ErrorFallbackFactory.LOGGER.info("fall back cause: ", throwable);
return "Error!";
}
};
}
}
4.如果不想某个Feign Client使用Hystrix的话,可以使用如下配置:
@FeignClient(name = "eureka-client-demo", configuration = DisableHystrix.class)
public interface DemoFeignClient {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String hello();
}
@Configuration
public class DisableHystrix {
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")
public Feign.Builder feignBuilder() {
return Feign.builder();
}
}
3 Hystrix监控
3.1 Ribbon中Hystrix的监控
Hystrix提供了端点/hystrix.stream
用于监控Hystrix的情况,Ribbon在整合了Hystrix之后,还需要引入Spring Boot 的actuator依赖,才能通过/hystrix.stream
监控接口运行情况。
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
/hystrix.stream
的页面会返回类似下面的监控数据:
data: {"type":"HystrixCommand","name":"hello","group":"Controller","currentTime":1516202320578,"isCircuitBreakerOpen":false,"errorPercentage":100,"errorCount":1,"requestCount":1,"rollingCountBadRequests":0,"rollingCountCollapsedRequests":0,"rollingCountEmit":0,"rollingCountExceptionsThrown":0,"rollingCountFailure":1,"rollingCountFallbackEmit":0,"rollingCountFallbackFailure":0,"rollingCountFallbackMissing":0,"rollingCountFallbackRejection":0,"rollingCountFallbackSuccess":1,"rollingCountResponsesFromCache":0,"rollingCountSemaphoreRejected":0,"rollingCountShortCircuited":0,"rollingCountSuccess":0,"rollingCountThreadPoolRejected":0,"rollingCountTimeout":0,"currentConcurrentExecutionCount":0,"rollingMaxConcurrentExecutionCount":0,"latencyExecute_mean":0,"latencyExecute":{"0":0,"25":0,"50":0,"75":0,"90":0,"95":0,"99":0,"99.5":0,"100":0},"latencyTotal_mean":0,"latencyTotal":{"0":0,"25":0,"50":0,"75":0,"90":0,"95":0,"99":0,"99.5":0,"100":0},"propertyValue_circuitBreakerRequestVolumeThreshold":20,"propertyValue_circuitBreakerSleepWindowInMilliseconds":5000,"propertyValue_circuitBreakerErrorThresholdPercentage":50,"propertyValue_circuitBreakerForceOpen":false,"propertyValue_circuitBreakerForceClosed":false,"propertyValue_circuitBreakerEnabled":true,"propertyValue_executionIsolationStrategy":"THREAD","propertyValue_executionIsolationThreadTimeoutInMilliseconds":1000,"propertyValue_executionTimeoutInMilliseconds":1000,"propertyValue_executionIsolationThreadInterruptOnTimeout":true,"propertyValue_executionIsolationThreadPoolKeyOverride":null,"propertyValue_executionIsolationSemaphoreMaxConcurrentRequests":10,"propertyValue_fallbackIsolationSemaphoreMaxConcurrentRequests":10,"propertyValue_metricsRollingStatisticalWindowInMilliseconds":10000,"propertyValue_requestCacheEnabled":true,"propertyValue_requestLogEnabled":true,"reportingHosts":1,"threadPool":"Controller"}
3.2 Feign中Hystrix的监控
1.虽然Feign整合了Hystrix,但是并没有整合到监控的模块,所以我们需要重新引入依赖包:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
2.在启动类添加@EnableCircuitBreaker
或者@EnableHystrix
注解
@EnableCircuitBreaker
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients
@SpringBootApplication
public class FeignDemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(FeignDemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
然后就可以通过端点/hystrix.stream
查看监控数据。
4 可视化监控
4.1 监控单个服务
可以使用hystrix-dashboard进行可视化监控:
1.创建一个新项目,并引入以下依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId>
</dependency>
- 在启动类加上
@EnableHystrixDashboard
注解
@EnableHystrixDashboard
@SpringBootApplication
public class HystrixDashboardApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(HystrixDashboardApplication.class, args);
}
}
3.启动应用,打开/hystrix/
端点,可以看到一下页面:
往url栏输入
/hystrix.stream
的链接,如:http://localhost:8004/hystrix.stream,再点击Monitor Stream按钮,就可以看到如下图的页面:hystix-dashboard-detail.PNG
4.2 监控多个服务
上面的方法只能监控单个服务,如果要监控多个服务,可以使用turbine,然后再使用hystrix-dashboard进行进行可视化监控。
1.新建一个项目,引入turbine的依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-turbine</artifactId>
</dependency>
2.在启动类添加@EnableTurbine
注解
@EnableTurbine
@SpringBootApplication
public class TurbineApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(TurbineApplication.class, args);
}
}
3.配置文件:
server:
port: 8006
spring:
application:
name: turbine
eureka:
client:
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/
instance:
prefer-ip-address: true
turbine:
app-config: feign-demo,ribbon-demo
cluster-name-expression: "'default'"
combine-host-port: true
- app-config 指定需要监控的服务,用逗号分隔
- cluster-name-expression 指定集群名称
- combine-host-port 按主机名和端口区分服务,turbine默认相同host的为同一服务,将该属性设为true后就可以按主机名和端口区分服务
4.启动应用,打开/turbine.stream
端点即可以看到两者的监控数据。这个时候,再将turbine的监控数据接入hystrix-dashboard,比如,将url地址http://localhost:8006/turbine.stream填入dash-board的url一栏,再点击Monitor Stream按钮,就可以同时看到两个服务的监控数据。
4.3 使用消息中间件收集数据(RabbitMQ)
- 提供服务的微服务添加以下依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-netflix-hystrix-stream</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-stream-rabbit</artifactId>
</dependency>
- 添加RabbitMQ的配置:
spring:
rabbitmq:
host: localhost
port: 5672
username: guest
password: guest
- Turbine项目移除turbine的依赖并添加以下依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-turbine-stream</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-stream-rabbit</artifactId>
</dependency>
- 启动类中
@EnableTurbine
修改为@EnableTurbineStream
- 添加RabbitMQ的配置,同2,同时去掉turbine的配置。
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