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RestTemplate入门

RestTemplate入门

作者: Aska小强 | 来源:发表于2019-12-17 10:04 被阅读0次

    RestTemplate入门

     本篇主要讲解RestTemplate的基本使用,它是Spring提供的用来访问Rest服务的客户端,RestTmplate提供了很多便捷的方法,可以大大提供开发效率,本篇只涉及基本使用,内部原理后续再展开

     1.RestTemplate简述

     RestTemplate是Spring提供的用于发送HTTP请求的客户端工具,它遵循Restful原则,RestTemplate默认依赖JDK的Http连接工具HttpUrlConnection,你也可以替换不同的源,比如OkHttp、Apache HttpComponents 等等。。

     2.HttpMessageConverter

     在说RestTemplate之前,先介绍HttpMessageConverter,RestTemplate默认使用的转化HttpMessageConverter去将Http消息转换成POJO 或者 POJO转化成Http消息。在创建RestTemplate的时候会默认添加一组HttpMessageConveter的实现。

     HttpMessageConverter源码:

    public interface HttpMessageConverter<T> {
        //指示此转换器是否可以读取给定的类。
        boolean canRead(Class<?> clazz, @Nullable MediaType mediaType);
    
        //指示此转换器是否可以写给定的类。
        boolean canWrite(Class<?> clazz, @Nullable MediaType mediaType);
    
        //返回List<MediaType>
        List<MediaType> getSupportedMediaTypes();
    
        //读取一个inputMessage
        T read(Class<? extends T> clazz, HttpInputMessage inputMessage)
            throws IOException, HttpMessageNotReadableException;
    
        //往output message写一个Object
        void write(T t, @Nullable MediaType contentType, HttpOutputMessage outputMessage)
            throws IOException, HttpMessageNotWritableException;
    
    }   
    

     RestTemplate中如何添加HttpMessageConverter的

     构造器源码:

    static {
        ClassLoader classLoader = RestTemplate.class.getClassLoader();
        romePresent = ClassUtils.isPresent("com.rometools.rome.feed.WireFeed", classLoader);
        jaxb2Present = ClassUtils.isPresent("javax.xml.bind.Binder", classLoader);
        jackson2Present =
                ClassUtils.isPresent("com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper", classLoader) &&
                        ClassUtils.isPresent("com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonGenerator", classLoader);
        jackson2XmlPresent = ClassUtils.isPresent("com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.xml.XmlMapper", classLoader);
        jackson2SmilePresent = ClassUtils.isPresent("com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.smile.SmileFactory", classLoader);
        jackson2CborPresent = ClassUtils.isPresent("com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.cbor.CBORFactory", classLoader);
        gsonPresent = ClassUtils.isPresent("com.google.gson.Gson", classLoader);
        jsonbPresent = ClassUtils.isPresent("javax.json.bind.Jsonb", classLoader);
    }
    
    
    public RestTemplate() {
        this.messageConverters.add(new ByteArrayHttpMessageConverter());
        this.messageConverters.add(new StringHttpMessageConverter());
        this.messageConverters.add(new ResourceHttpMessageConverter(false));
        try {
            this.messageConverters.add(new SourceHttpMessageConverter<>());
        }
        catch (Error err) {
            // Ignore when no TransformerFactory implementation is available
        }
        this.messageConverters.add(new AllEncompassingFormHttpMessageConverter());
    
        if (romePresent) {
            this.messageConverters.add(new AtomFeedHttpMessageConverter());
            this.messageConverters.add(new RssChannelHttpMessageConverter());
        }
    
        if (jackson2XmlPresent) {
            this.messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter());
        }
        else if (jaxb2Present) {
            this.messageConverters.add(new Jaxb2RootElementHttpMessageConverter());
        }
    
        if (jackson2Present) {
            this.messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter());
        }
        else if (gsonPresent) {
            this.messageConverters.add(new GsonHttpMessageConverter());
        }
        else if (jsonbPresent) {
            this.messageConverters.add(new JsonbHttpMessageConverter());
        }
    
        if (jackson2SmilePresent) {
            this.messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2SmileHttpMessageConverter());
        }
        if (jackson2CborPresent) {
            this.messageConverters.add(new MappingJackson2CborHttpMessageConverter());
        }
    
        this.uriTemplateHandler = initUriTemplateHandler();
    }
    

     从RestTemplate的构造器源码中我们可以看到构造方法中 根据ClassUtils.isPresent判断当前项目是否存在某些jar包向RestTemplate中添加不同的 HttpMessageConverter实现,Spring默认会添加 StringHttpMessageConverter , MappingJackson2XmlHttpMessageConverter等等

    Xnip20191210_231205.png

     3.getForObject()

     首先来看Get请求 RestTemplate提供了2种方法其中一种就是 getForObject()方法

    public <T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){}
    public <T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables)
    public <T> T getForObject(URI url, Class<T> responseType)
    

      3.1 不带参数的Get请求

    客户端
     String url = "http://localhost:9999/testGetMethod";
     String str = restTemplate.getForObject(url , String.class);、
    
    服务端
    @RequestMapping("/testGetMethod")
    public String testGetMethod(){
        return "hello";
    }
    

      3.2 带参数的Get请求 (按{}顺序绑定参数)

    客户端
     String url = "http://localhost:9999/testGetMethod/{talk}/{name}"; 
        //或者testGetMethod/{1}/{2} {里面的参数无所谓,只是根据下面的Object... uriVariables 逐一绑定到上面{} 中去的}
    
     String str = restTemplate.getForObject(url , String.class,"hello" , "johnny");
    
    服务端
      @RequestMapping("/testGetMethod/{talk}/{name}")
    public String testGetMethod(@PathVariable("talk") String talk ,
                                @PathVariable("name") String name){
        log.info("【{} : {}】" , talk , name);
        return "hello";
    }
    

    说明{} http://localhost:9999/testGetMethod/{talk}/{name} 里面的参数名称无所谓,只是根据下面的Object... uriVariables 逐一绑上去的,具体绑定源码请看 DefaultUriBuilderFactory的fromUriString方法内部是根据正则表达式进行绑定的,最终将返回 URI,URI的string属性 就是绑定后要访问的路径

    Xnip20191210_234530.png

    //不早了 先写这么多吧 明天把下面的补齐 ,先去睡觉了!!!
    //继续补齐。。

      3.3 带参数的Get请求(按Map的key绑定{}参数)

     String url = "http://localhost:9999/testGetMethod/{talk}/{name}";
     Map<String,String> map = new HashMap<>(); 
     map.put("talk" , "hello"); 
     map.put("name" , "johnny"); 
     String str = restTemplate.getForObject(url , String.class,map); 
    

      可以看出来是通过Map绑定参数的,这个和上面不一样的是 map的key 一定要和 url中 {} 中的 保持一致 ,如果不一致会报错

     String url = "http://localhost:9999/testGetMethod/{talk}/{name}"; 
     map.put("talk2" , "hello"); 
    
    Xnip20191210_234530.png

    源码

    Xnip20191212_135605.png

     4.getForEntity()

     RestTemplate 提供的Get请求的第二种方法 ,基本和getForObject一致 ,就是返回类型不同,它是在getForObject返回的基础上再包装了一层 ResponseEntity 用于包含Http请求的全部信息

    public <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){}
    public <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables){}
    public <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(URI url, Class<T> responseType){}
    

      4.1 不带参数的Get请求

        String url = "http://localhost:9999/testGetMethodForEntity/";
        ResponseEntity<Student> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity(url , Student.class);
        responseEntity.getStatusCode();
        responseEntity.getHeaders();
        responseEntity.getBody();
        log.info("【responseEntity : {}】" , responseEntity);
    
    Xnip20191212_214059.png

      4.2 带参数的Get请求 (按{}顺序绑定参数)

        String url = "http://localhost:9999/testGetMethodForEntity/{name}/{age}";
        ResponseEntity<Student> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity(url , Student.class , "johnny" , "23");
        log.info("【responseEntity : {}】" , responseEntity);
    

      4.3 带参数的Get请求 (按Ma的keyp绑定{}参数)

        String url = "http://localhost:9999/testGetMethodForEntity/{name}/{age}";
        Map<String,String> map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put("name","johnny");
        map.put("age" , "23");
        ResponseEntity<Student> responseEntity = restTemplate.getForEntity(url , Student.class ,"map");
        log.info("【responseEntity : {}】" , responseEntity);
    

    但是,通常情况下我们并不想要Http请求的全部信息,只需要相应体即可.对于这种情况,RestTemplate提供了 getForObject() 方法用来只获取 响应体信息.
    getForObject 和 getForEntity 用法几乎相同,指示返回值返回的是 响应体,省去了我们 再去 getBody() .

     5.postForObject()

    public <T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables)
            throws RestClientException {}
    public <T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables)
            throws RestClientException {}
    public <T> T postForObject(URI url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType) throws RestClientException {}
    

      5.1 post请求 提交参数 Student 对象

    客户端代码:
    
        String url = "http://localhost:9999/testPostMethodForObject";
        Student student = new Student();
        student.setName("johnny");
        student.setAge("23");
    
        String msg = restTemplate.postForObject(url , student , String.class);
    
    服务端代码:
         @RequestMapping("/testPostMethodForObject")
        public String testGetMethodForEntity(@RequestBody Student student){
         log.info("【studeng: {}】"  , student);
         return "success";
       }
    

     6.postForEntity()

    public <T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables)
            throws RestClientException {}
    public <T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables)
            throws RestClientException {}
    public <T> T postForObject(URI url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType) throws RestClientException {}
    

      6.1 post请求 提交参数 Student 对象

    @RequestMapping("/testPostMethodForEntity")
    public void testPostMethodForEntity(){
    
        String url = "http://localhost:9999/testPostMethodForEntity";
        Student student = new Student();
        student.setName("johnny");
        student.setAge("23");
    
        ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = restTemplate.postForEntity(url , student , String.class);
        log.info(responseEntity.getBody());
    }
    

     7. ResponseExtractor 源码

     可以看出来postForEntity和postForObject 几乎一样。

     唯有 ResponseExtractor<T> 不同

    Xnip20191212_220311.png Xnip20191212_221136.png

    HttpMessageConverterExtractor.extractData()方法

    Xnip20191212_220906.png

    ResponseEntityResponseExtractor.extractData()方法

    Xnip20191212_220722.png

     总结:

      本篇主要讲解RestTemplate的基本的 Get Post 的用法,简单的涉及了一点源码,其实内部源码很多 很深 包括和解析url模板 绑定参数的 UriBuilderFactory UriTemplateHandler 等等 , 建议去跟着跑一遍会更加熟悉 用起来也更加轻松。

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