一、连接查询的概念
连接查询是指:所查询的信息分布在多张表中,必须要通过连接将多张表合并成一张大表进行查询。
举例:在LibraryDB数据库中,有三张表,Book、Author、Press,如果要查询出所有图书的id,名称,作者,出版社,价格,就需要将这三张表连接成一张表。
Book表
Author表
Press表
现在我们将三个表合并成一张表并显示我们需要的指定字段:
select Book.BookID as '图书ID',Book.BookName as '图书名称',
Author.AuthorName as '作者',Press.PressName as '出版社',Book.BookPrice as '价格'
from Book,Author,Press
where Book.BookAuthor = Author.AuthorID and Book.BookPressID = Press.PressID
一般情况下,可以是用嵌套查询的都可以使用连接查询,需要注意的是嵌套查询的查询效率要高。
二、内连接
1. 概念:
把多个表按照某个字段连接成一个大表,满足条件的展示在大表中,不满足条件的隐藏。
2. 理解内连接
为了方便理解内连接,我们创建两个表Demo_Student和Demo_Score
图片.png
内连接的mysql语句有四种写法写法:
# ------- 第一种:sql 92 的写法
select *
from Demo_Student,Demo_Score
where Demo_Student.SNO = Demo_Score.SNo
# ------- 第二种:sql9 99 推荐(SqlServer、Oracle通用)------------
select *
from Demo_Student as T1 INNER JOIN Demo_Score as T2 on T1.SNO=T2.SNO
# ------- 第三种:natural (自然连接,去重,有相同的字段名)--------
select *
from Demo_Student natural join Demo_Score
# ------- 第四种:Using关键字 (去重,有相同的字段名)--------
select *
from Demo_Student INNER JOIN Demo_Score USING(SNO)
3. 实际案例
(1)查询女生借了哪些书
方法一:推荐写法:
select distinct T3.BookName
from Student as T1 INNER JOIN BorrowBook as T2 on T1.SNO = T2.SNO
INNER JOIN Book as T3 on T2.BookID = T3.BookID
where T1.Sex = '女'
方法二:自然连接写法
由于连接表有相同的字段名,所以可以使用自然连接写法
select distinct BookName
from Student natural join BorrowBook natural join Book
where Student.Sex='女'
方法三:using关键字写法
select distinct BookName
from Student inner join BorrowBook using(SNO)
inner join Book using(BookID)
where Student.Sex = '女'
(2)查询出被借出的书中是北京作者的
由于这里部分字段名在不同的表中命名不同,所以这里我们只用标准写法:
select T2.BookName
from BorrowBook as T1 inner join Book as T2 on T1.BookID=T2.BookID
inner join Author as T3 on T2.BookAuthor=T3.AuthorID
where T3.AuthorCity = '北京'
三、外连接
1. 概念
外连接:以某一个表为主表,从另外一个表按照某一个条件填充数据。
在mysql中,外连接可分为左外连接、右外连接、全外连接;
左外连接是指:以左边的表为主表,在右边的表中找数据,如果找得到就填充数据,如果找不到就在左表中填充为null
2. 理解
为了深入理解外连接,我们还是以前面的两个表Demo_Student,Demo_Score为例
图片.png
外连接sql语句的写法:
# 第一种写法:
select *
from Demo_Student as T1 left
outer join Demo_Score as T2 on T1.SNO = T2.SNO
# 第二种写法:使用Natural
select *
from Demo_Student natural left outer join Demo_Score
# 第三种写法:使用using
select *
from Demo_Student left outer join Demo_Score using(SNO)
MySQL不像SqlServer或者Oracle直接支持全外连接full outer
,但是可以使用折中方案,使用union合并并去重左外连接和右外连接;
select *
from Demo_Student as T1 left outer join Demo_Score as T2 on T1.SNO = T2.SNO
union
select *
from Demo_Student as T1 right outer join Demo_Score as T2 on T1.SNO = T2.SNO
如果直接合并但是不去重可以使用关键字union all
3. 外连接实际案例
(1)查询出哪些书从来没被借过
# 使用左外连接查询的方式
select T1.BookID,T1.BookName
from Book as T1 left outer join BorrowBook as T2 on T1.BookID = T2.BookID
where BorrowDate is null;
(2)统计出所有书的入库量、被借量、库存量
select T1.BookID ,T1.BookName,T1.BookSumNo as '入库量',
ifnull(borrow_sum,0) as '借出量',
T1.BookSumNo-ifnull(borrow_sum,0) as '库存量'
from Book as T1 left join
(
# 借书量
select BookID,count(SNO) as 'borrow_sum'
from BorrowBook
group by BookID
)as T2
on T1.BookID = T2.BookID
注意:在mysql中,如果字段的值为null时,我们想进行数值计算的话可以使用ifnull函数ifnull(exp1,exp2)
,用于判断一个表单时是否为null,如果是空则返回第二个参数的值,否则返回第一个参数的值。
四、交叉连接
1. 概念
交叉连接:交叉连接表示两个表的笛卡尔积。
把两个表的每一条记录一一组合。
2. 理解交叉连接
我们还是把前面的两个案例表Demo_Student、Demo_Score用来解释交叉连接。
# 交叉连接
select * from Demo_Student cross join Demo_Score;
注意:如果两个表没有相同的字段,那么自然连接的结果就是交叉连接。
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