Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
Satoshi Nakamoto
satoshin@gmx.com
www.bitcoin.org
- Introduction
Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough formost transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non-reversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.
What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.
比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统
作者：中本聪 satoshin@gmx.com
翻译：何翀 jack.hechong@foxmail.com
1.简介
互联网上的商业已经几乎完全依赖于金融机构作为电子支付的可信耐第三方。虽然对于绝大多数的交易，这个系统的运行还算良好，但它仍然被基于信任的模型所固有的弱点所连累。完全不可逆的交易是不现实的，因为金融机构并不能避免调解纠纷。调解成本增加了交易成本，这不仅限制了最小实际交易的规模，而且剔除了小额日常交易的可能性。还有更大的成本，系统无法为那些不可逆的服务提供不可逆支付的能力。有了逆转的可能性，使得对信任的需求蔓延开来。商家必须警惕着客户，麻烦客户提供其实并不需要的那么多信息。一定比例的欺诈被认为是不可避免的。这些成本和支出，在人们使用物理支付方式时是可以避免的，但是还没有一种机制能够使双方在没有信任机构的情况下通过沟通渠道进行支付。
我们真正需要的是一个基于加密证明而不是信任的电子支付系统，它允许任何两个希望交易的双方可以不需要一个值得信任的第三方机构就可以直接交易。计算能力保障的不可逆的交易是的卖家免受欺诈，而日常的担保机制也能够轻易得被用来保护买家。在这篇文章中，我们提出了一个针对双花问题的解决方案，方法是基于点对点的分布式时间戳服务器来产生按照时间顺序排列的交易的算力证明。这个系统只要诚实的节点控制的CPU算力超过攻击节点的算力，它就是安全的。
网友评论