美文网首页swift
《Swift从入门到精通》(二十一):自动引用计数(ARC)初识

《Swift从入门到精通》(二十一):自动引用计数(ARC)初识

作者: 萧1帅 | 来源:发表于2021-10-19 09:05 被阅读0次

    自动引用计数(ARC)(学习笔记)

    环境Xcode 11.0 beta4 swift 5.1

    • 前言

      • SWift 用ARC追踪和管理应用程序的内存使用情况,与OC中的ARC非常相似;引用计数只适用于类的实例,枚举和结构体是值类型,非引用类型并且不存在存储和通过引用传递
    • ARC如何工作

      • 当创建一个类的实例时,ARC会分配一块内存存储实例的信息,包括实例类型信息及实例关联的任意存储属性的值
      • 如果实例不再需要,ARC会释放此实例的内存,以作它用;如果已经销毁实例,再访问将会崩溃
      • 为了确保实例在使用时不会销毁,ARC会记录有多少属性、常量、变量正在引用类实例,只要有一个引用在引用实例就不会销毁实例
      • 当把实例赋值给属性、常量、变量,这将会产生一个强引用,直到这个强引用不再持有,才允许销毁
    • ARC使用

      • 示例:类Person 有一个存储属性 name

        class Person {
            let name: String
            init(name: String) {
                self.name = name
                print("\(name) is being initialized")
            }
            deinit {
                print("\(name) is being deinitialized") 
            }
        }
        // 定义有一个 Person? 类型实例
        var reference1: Person
        var reference2: Person
        var reference3: Person
        reference1 = Person(name: "John Appleseed")
        // Prints "John Appleseed is being initialized"
        reference2 = reference1
        reference3 = reference1
        // 3 strong references
        reference1 = nil
        reference2 = nil
        // 1 strong reference remain
        reference3 = nil
        // Prints "John Appleseed is being deinitialized"
        
        
    • 类实例之间的强引用循环

      • 循环使用示例

        class Person {
            let name: String
            init(name: String) { self.name = name }
            var apartment: Apartment?
            deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized")}
        }
        class Apartment {
            let unit: String
            init(unit: String) { self.unit = unit}
            var tenant: Persong?
            deinit { print("Apartment \(unit) is being deinitialized") }
        }
        // 定义两个可行变量
        var john: Person?
        var unit4A: Apartment?
        // 创建两个实例
        john = Person(name: "John Appleseed")
        unit4A = Apartment(unit: "4A")
        // 在创建和赋值后之间的引用关系如下图
        
        
    引用关系图一
    • 现在可以将两个实例关联起来

      john!.appartment = unit4A
      unit4A!.tenant = John
      // 之间引用关系如下
      
      
    引用关系图二
    • 将两个变量置 nil

      john = nil
      unit4A = nil
      // 二者的引用关系图如下,此时两个实例仍然有强引用在,因此不会被销毁
      
      
    引用关系图三
    • 类实例间强引用循环的解决
      • Swift 提供两种解决方法: weak引用 和 unowned引用,这两个引用不会让实例间产生强引用

      • weak 主要适用一个实例生命周期较短的那个,弱引用通常会在运行的时候赋值为nil,因此通常将其声明为可选类型的变量而非常量

      • unowned 一个实例有同样的生命周期或者更长的生命周期

      • 当给一个 weak 引用置 nil 时,不会触发 属性观察器

      • 将上面的示例用 weak 改造如下

        class Person {
            let name: String
            init(name: String) { self.name = name }
            var apartment: Apartment?
            deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") }
        }
        class Apartment {
            let unit: String
            init(unit: String) { self.unit = unit }
            // 改造处
            weak var tenant: Person?
            deinit { print("Apartment \(unit) is being deinitialized") }
        }
        var john: Person?
        var unit4A: Apartment?
        //
        john = Person(name: "John Appleseed")
        unit4A = Apartment(unit: "4A")
        // 
        john!.apartment = unit4A
        unit4A!.tenant = John
        // 之间关系引用图如下
        
        
    引用关系图四
    ```swift
    john = nil
    // Prints "John Appleseed is being deinitialized"
    
    
    ![引用关系图五](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i6935167/0fe67d26ac615caa.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
    
    
    unit4A = nil
    // Prints "Apartment 4A is being deinitialized"
    
    
    ![引用关系图六](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i6935167/e78f07bfa6551d48.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
    
    *   `unowned` 引用与 `weak` 相似都不产生强引用,不同的是 `unowned` 引用总是有一个值,ARC不会自动将其置 nil,这意味着定义时要使用非可选类型
    *   只有在确认引用一起在引用实例没有被释放,才能使用 `unowned` 引用
    *   如果试图在 `unowned` 实例被释放后访问,将会产生运行时错误
    *   以下是 `Customer` `CreditCard` 示例,`Customer`可以没有 `CreditCard` ,但  `CreditCard` 一定属于一个 `Customer`
    
        ```
        class Customer {
            let name: String
            var card: CreditCard?
            init(name: String) {
                self.name = name
            }
            deinit { print("\(name) is being deinitialized") }
        }
        //
        class CreditCard {
            let number: UInt64
            unowned let customer: Customer
            init(number: UInt64, customer: Customer) {
                self.number = number
                self.customer = customer
            }
            deinit { print("Card #\(number) is being deinitialized") }
        }
        var john: Customer?
        john = Customer(name: "John Appleseed")
        john!.card = CreditCard(number: 1234_5678_9012_3456, customer: John!)
        // 引用关系如下
    
        ```
    
    ![引用关系图七](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i6935167/43fbd2266401a2f6.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
    
    
    john = nil
    // 引用关系如下
    
    
    ![引用关系图八](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i6935167/52612520fd5bd442.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
    
    

    * 上面的 unowned 示例是安全的引用,如果你要禁止运行时安全检查(例如出于性能考虑)可以用 unowned(unsafe) ,那这样开发者有责任检查代码的安全性;
    如果要访问已经销毁的 unsafe unowned 引用时,将会访问之前的内存位置,是不安全的操作

    
    *   `unowned` 引用与隐式解包属性
    *   上面的两种解决方法基本包含大部分的情况,但还有第三种情况,就是属性都不能为nil,此时就要结合使用 `unowned` 引用与隐式解包
    
    
    class Country {
        let name: String
        var capitalCity: City!
        init(name: String, capitalName: String) {
            self.name = name
            self.capitalCity = City(name: capitalName, country: self)
        }
    }
    //
    class City {
        let name: String
        unowned let country: Country
        init(name: String, country: Country) {
            self.name = name
            self.country = country
        }
    }
    var country = Country(name: "Canada", capitalName: "Ottawa")
    print("\(country.name)'s capital city is called \(country.capitalCity.name)")
    // Prints "Canada's capital city is called Ottawa"
    // 这里有几点说明
    // 1\. City 的初始化是在 Country 初始化里,按照前面所说的两阶段初始化是不行,因为 City 初始化里用到 Country,此处的解决办法是隐式解包
    // 这意味着属性 capitalCity 有默认初始值 nil, 只是访问时不需要解包
    // 2\. 因此 Country 的初始化在 name 赋值完成时就初始化完毕,后面才可以将 self 作为参数传入
    
    
    *   **闭包的强引用**
        *   示例
    
            ```
            class HTMLElement {
                let name: String
                let text: String?
                lazy var asHTML: () -> String = {
                    if let text = self.text {
                        return "<\(self.name)>\(text)</\(self.name)>"
                    } else {
                        return "<\(self.name) />"
                    }
                }
                init(name: String, text: String? = nil) {
                    self.name = name
                    self.text = text
                }
                deinit {
                    print("\(name) is being deinitialized")
                }
            }
            let heading = HTMLElement(name: "h1")
            let defaultText = "some default text"
            heading.asHTML = {
                return "<\(heading.name)>\(heading.text ?? defaultText)</\(heading.name)>"
            }
            print(heading.asHTML())
            // Prints "<h1>some default text</h1>"
            var paragraph: HTMLElement? = HTMLElement(name: "p", text: "hello, world")
            print(paragraph!.asHTML())
            // Prints "<p>hello, world</p>"
            // 创建一个新实例,引用 示意图如下
            paragraph = nil 
            // 此时实例并不会被销毁
    
            ```
    
    ![引用关系图九](https://img.haomeiwen.com/i6935167/e856a347d5186f57.png?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
    
    *   **解决闭包的强引用**
        *   定义一个捕获列表,写在参数列表和返回值之前
    
            ```
            lazy var someClosure = {
                [unowned self, weak delegate = self.delegate]
                (index: Int, stringToProcess: String) -> String in
                // closure body goes here
            }
            // 如果没有参数列表,没有返回值
            lazy var someClosure = {
                [unowned self, weak delegate = self.delegate] in
                // closure body goes here
            }
    
            ```
    
        *   `unowned` `weak` 引用,两者的区别如上面所说的一样
    
            ```
            class HTMLElement {
                let name: String
                let text: String?
                lazy var asHTML: () -> String = {
                    [unowned self] in
                    if let text = self.text {
                        return "<\(self.name)>\(text)</\(self.name)>"
                    } else {
                        return "<\(self.name) />"
                    }
                }
                init(name: String, text: String? = nil) {
                    self.name = name
                    self.text = text
                }
                deinit {
                    print("\(name) is being deinitialized")
                }
            }
            var paragraph: HTMLElement? = HTMLElement(name: "p", text: "hello, world")
            print(paragraph!.asHTML())
            // Prints "<p>hello, world</p>"
            // 创建一个新实例,引用 示意图如下
            paragraph = nil
            // Prints "p is being deinitialized"
    
            ```
    
    
    
    

    相关文章

      网友评论

        本文标题:《Swift从入门到精通》(二十一):自动引用计数(ARC)初识

        本文链接:https://www.haomeiwen.com/subject/mfrnoltx.html