项目开发中很多时候我们都需要拼接字符串，那如何才能高效的完成字符串拼接呢？
指定初始容量
先来看一下StringBuilder的源码（JDK7）
public final class StringBuilder
extends AbstractStringBuilder
implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence
{
/** use serialVersionUID for interoperability */
static final long serialVersionUID = 4383685877147921099L;
/**
* Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an
* initial capacity of 16 characters.
*/
public StringBuilder() {
super(16);
}
/**
* Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an
* initial capacity specified by the <code>capacity</code> argument.
*
* @param capacity the initial capacity.
* @throws NegativeArraySizeException if the <code>capacity</code>
* argument is less than <code>0</code>.
*/
public StringBuilder(int capacity) {
super(capacity);
}
}
StringBuilder的默认构造方法调用的是父类AbstractStringBuilder 中的AbstractStringBuilder(int capacity)构造方法，如下：
abstract class AbstractStringBuilder implements Appendable, CharSequence {
/**
* The value is used for character storage.
*/
char[] value;
/**
* The count is the number of characters used.
*/
int count;
/**
* This no-arg constructor is necessary for serialization of subclasses.
*/
AbstractStringBuilder() {
}
/**
* Creates an AbstractStringBuilder of the specified capacity.
*/
AbstractStringBuilder(int capacity) {
value = new char[capacity];
}
}
StringBuilder的内部有一个char[]， 在调用StringBuilder的无参构造方法时其内部char[]的默认长度是16。当我们调用StringBuilder的append方法时，其实就是不断的往char[]里填东西的过程。
public StringBuilder append(String str) {
super.append(str);
return this;
}
其中，super.append是调用AbstractStringBuilder 的append(String str)方法，如下：
public AbstractStringBuilder append(String str) {
if (str == null) str = "null";
int len = str.length();
ensureCapacityInternal(count + len);
str.getChars(0, len, value, count);
count += len;
return this;
}
StringBuilder的扩容和ArrayList有些类似，具体代码如下：
/**
* This method has the same contract as ensureCapacity, but is
* never synchronized.
*/
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minimumCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
if (minimumCapacity - value.length > 0)
expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
}
/**
* This implements the expansion semantics of ensureCapacity with no
* size check or synchronization.
*/
void expandCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
int newCapacity = value.length * 2 + 2;
if (newCapacity - minimumCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minimumCapacity;
if (newCapacity < 0) {
if (minimumCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
value = Arrays.copyOf(value, newCapacity);
}
StringBuilder默认长度是16，然后，如果要append第17个字符，怎么办？
答案是采用 Arrays.copyOf()成倍复制扩容！
扩容的性能代价是很严重的：一来有数组拷贝的成本，二来原来的char[]也白白浪费了要被GC掉。可以想见，一个129字符长度的字符串，经过了16，32，64, 128四次的复制和丢弃，合共申请了496字符的数组，在高性能场景下，这几乎不能忍。
由此可见，合理设置一个初始值多重要。使用之前先仔细评估一下要保存的字符串最大长度。
复用StringBuilder
StringBuilder.setLength()方法只重置它的count指针，而char[]则会继续重用，源码如下：
public void setLength(int newLength) {
if (newLength < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(newLength);
ensureCapacityInternal(newLength);
if (count < newLength) {
for (; count < newLength; count++)
value[count] = '\0';
} else {
count = newLength;
}
}
toString()方法：
public String toString() {
// Create a copy, don't share the array
return new String(value, 0, count);
}
而toString()时会把当前的count指针也作为参数传给String的构造函数，所以不用担心把超过新内容大小的旧内容也传进去了。可见，StringBuilder是完全可以被重用的。
具体示例如下：
String[] history_steps = ruleDetailInfo.getHistory_steps().split(",");
for (String step : history_steps){
sb.setLength(0);
sb.append(ruleDetailInfo.getBusiness_id()).append("\t").append(step);
results.add(sb.toString());
}
＋ 与 StringBuilder的区别
String s ＝ "hello" + user.getName();
这一行代码经过javac编译后的效果，的确等价于使用StringBuilder，但没有设定长度。
String s ＝ new StringBuilder().append(“hello”).append(user.getName());
但是，如果像下面这样：
String s ＝ “hello ”;
// 中间插入了其他一些代码
s = s + user.getName();
每一条语句，都会生成一个新的StringBuilder，这里就有了两个StringBuilder，性能就完全不一样了。
如果是在循环体里s+=i; 就更加多得没谱，例如：
String str = "";
for(int i=0; i<10000;i++){
str += i;
}
StringBuffer 与 StringBuilder区别
StringBuffer的源码如下（JDK7）：
public final class StringBuffer
extends AbstractStringBuilder
implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence {
/** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
static final long serialVersionUID = 3388685877147921107L;
public StringBuffer() {
super(16);
}
public StringBuffer(int capacity) {
super(capacity);
}
public StringBuffer(String str) {
super(str.length() + 16);
append(str);
}
public StringBuffer(CharSequence seq) {
this(seq.length() + 16);
append(seq);
}
public synchronized int length() {
return count;
}
public synchronized int capacity() {
return value.length;
}
public synchronized void ensureCapacity(int minimumCapacity) {
if (minimumCapacity > value.length) {
expandCapacity(minimumCapacity);
}
}
public synchronized void setLength(int newLength) {
super.setLength(newLength);
}
public synchronized StringBuffer append(Object obj) {
super.append(String.valueOf(obj));
return this;
}
public synchronized StringBuffer append(String str) {
super.append(str);
return this;
}
......
}
StringBuilder源码：
public final class StringBuilder
extends AbstractStringBuilder
implements java.io.Serializable, CharSequence {
/** use serialVersionUID for interoperability */
static final long serialVersionUID = 4383685877147921099L;
public StringBuilder() {
super(16);
}
public StringBuilder(int capacity) {
super(capacity);
}
public StringBuilder(String str) {
super(str.length() + 16);
append(str);
}
public StringBuilder(CharSequence seq) {
this(seq.length() + 16);
append(seq);
}
public StringBuilder append(Object obj) {
return append(String.valueOf(obj));
}
public StringBuilder append(String str) {
super.append(str);
return this;
}
// Appends the specified string builder to this sequence.
private StringBuilder append(StringBuilder sb) {
if (sb == null)
return append("null");
int len = sb.length();
int newcount = count + len;
if (newcount > value.length)
expandCapacity(newcount);
sb.getChars(0, len, value, count);
count = newcount;
return this;
}
public StringBuilder append(StringBuffer sb) {
super.append(sb);
return this;
}
......
}
StringBuffer与StringBuilder都是继承于AbstractStringBuilder，唯一的区别就是StringBuffer的函数上都有synchronized关键字。
小结
StringBuilder是非线程安全的，所以不能在多线程环境下共享使用。StringBuilder在使用的时候一定要指定其初始大小，另外，对性能要求比较高的场景下，可以考虑用一个ThreadLocal 缓存可重用的StringBuilder。
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