a. 情态动词的搭配和意义
现在式 过去式 情态动词短语
can could Be able to
may might Be allowed to
must ----- Have(got) to
Shall should Be supposed to/ought to
will would Be going to
i. 情态动词全家福
- 情态动词+一般式
- 现在推测(情态动词+一般式) 可表推测,也可表必须
- 情态动词+完成式/进行式/完成进行式 表推测,将来虚拟表达某件事发生可能特别小
- 情态动词+情态动词短语 be able to, be allowed to, have(got) to, be supposed to/ought to, be going to
b. 推测用法:现在推测(情态动词+一般式)
i. 对现在肯定的推测
- Must表示“推测”及其他含义
a. Have(got) to 同must一样,可以表示“推测”,也可以表示必须
i. Must只能谈现在或将来,不能谈过去。Must没有时态的变化,have 有各种时态的变化,如had to, will have to, have had to, had had to
ii. 如果是来自外界的不可控行为,必须要用have to - 其他表示推测的情态动词 may/might/could
a. Why isn’t John in class?
b. He is sick. (100%) He must be sick (90%) He may be sick (50%) He could/might be sick (25%) - 对现在的否定推测
a. 在否定推测中没有must,因为Must表示推测时一般用在肯定句中,而mustn’t表示一定不要,千万别
b. 在肯定推测时,could的肯定程度很低,但在否定推测时,couldn’t 则表示十分确信,译为不可能 - 对现在进行推测的其他情态动词 will, should 肯定成都类似于must
c. 将来预测 情态动词+一般式 will, should, may, might, could都可以表示对将来的预测
d. 过去推测(情态动词+完成式)
i. 推测常用情态动词有 must, may, might, could, should
ii. would/could/might/should + have done 即可以表示对过去的推测,也可以表示对过去的虚拟 +do 即可以表示对现在或将来的虚拟,也可以表示对现在或将来的推测
- He should have had a covered bulletproof car, as most world leaders do today.
- His death could have been prevented
e. 情态动词+(完成)进行式 情态动词接完成式、进行式及完成进行式时,均表示推测含义。
i. He must be using the internet now
f. 基本用法(1)现在或将来的能力 can 有三个意义,能力,可能,许可
g. 现实可能与理论可能
i. The boy can be very naughty(理论上,潜在的可能)
ii. The boy looks pale. He could be sick(实际上,现实的可能)
iii. There are times when the traffic here can be very heavy(理论上,潜在的可能)
iv. John isn’t here now, He could be caught in the traffic jam(实际上,现实的可能)
h. 过去的能力
i. Can/could 表潜能,潜在的可能性,不一定真正的去实施
- I hope I can go to Disneyland one day.
- Today I can/am able to go to Disneyland
- 昨天终于能够去迪士尼乐园了,没有此表达
a. Yesterday I was able to go to Disneyland 昨天我去了迪士尼乐园
b. Yesterday I could have go to Disneyland昨天我本来是可以去,但是结果没有去成
ii. Could/was able to区别 could 表过去的一般能力,并不一定真正实施了这个行为, was able to表过去的具体行为,也可表过去的潜能 - He could/was able to pull down a bull and acknowledged as a man with super power (表示过去的潜能)
- They were able to get tickets to the Rolling Stones concert last week(表示过去的实际行动)
i. 许可
i. 描述
- 可用情态动词:may,might,can,could 多用can , be allowed to表示许可
- 表示许可一般用陈述句
- 肯定的陈述表示允许某人做某事,否定的陈述则表示不允许某人做某事
ii. 肯定句-给予许可
- We can/are allowed to borrow these books from the library.
- Can 表示“许可”和“能力”的辨别
a. You can use my car tomorrow 表许可,可与tomorrow连用
b. You will be able to driving test next time you take it 带有将来时间状语且表能力最好与will be able to 连用
iii. 否定句-拒绝许可,甚至禁止
- You may not/are not allowed to/can’t/must not smoke in here 其中Must not 比 may not 或cannot 语气强烈
- Could 一般不用来表示现在的许可,而表示过去的许可,表格表示某项具体的活动时,要用was/allowed to do
a. Peter was allowed to watch TV for an hour yesterday evening.
iv. 建议与忠告
- Could 表示建议
a. We could go to the theater instead - Shall I ....? Shall we….?
a. Shall I open the window? Would you like me to open the window? - May(just) as well, might(just) as well(倒不如,不妨,最好)
a. You might as well tell the truth
b. Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you may as well go home. - Should 和ought to 表示“忠告”
a. You should do as you are told
b. Drivers must obey the speed limit
v. Should 表示“忠告”与could表示建议的比较,could 比should的语气要弱的多,could表听话人有多种选择,should表听话人最好应该采用的一种选择
vi. Had better 表示“忠告”,暗含“如果不这么做,就会有不良后果”,should则更为中性,表个人责任或义务
j. 意愿、意图与执意
i. 意图 I will borrow some money and buy a car
ii. 执意 If you will go out without your overcoat, what can you expect.
k. 请求
i. May/could 用于第一人称 can一般用在朋友之间,might 显得过于正式和客气,一般少用
ii. Would/could 用于很客气的请求对方 will用于非正式的场合,朋友之间.
l. 过去习惯
i. Would 过去常常 When I was a child, my mother would take a flashlight to bed with me at night before bed
ii. Would指某人一贯的行为 ,用来批评人
- Jack would get lost, wouldn’t he? It’s typical
iii. Used to 表示过去习惯的动作,used to可表重复动作,也可表状态,would 只可表重复动作
m. Should的特殊用法 一般表示忠告,但也可表示竟然和万一
i. Should 表示竟然 用在下列形容词后面的从句中,It is/was absurd, amazing, annoying, funny, ludicrous, odd, ridiculous, strange, surprising, unthinkable that….
- It is ridiculous that we should be short of water in a country where it always raining.
ii. Should 表示万一 常常用在lest, for fear that 和 in case 引导的从句当中,表示万一
- I’ve brought my umbrella in case it should rain.
iii. Shall的特殊用法
- 主动提供帮助 当shall 用于第一人称时, Shall i?
- 主动提供建议 shall we?
- 表示请求给予提示 How shall I cook it?
- 用于第三人称的疑问句中 A man wants to see you, sir.Shall he wait outside?
- 用于第二、第三人称的陈述句中
a. 表示“命令”主要用于第三人称,意思上接近Must
i. No player shall knowingly pick up or move the ball of another player
b. 表示说话人的许诺 shall 用于第二、第三人称的陈述句中,表示说话人的许诺
i. You shall have the money back next week.
c. 表示说话人强烈的意愿,甚至威胁
i. They shall do as they are told. - May的特殊用法 用在may…but 这样的结构中,表示让步
a. You may have good reasons but that doesn’t make it legal. - 情态动词的否定
a. 内部否定和外部否定
i. 外部否定 not+modal+verb Paul won’t come,because he doesn’t want to (保罗不愿意来)
ii. 内部否定 Paul will not come because he is too busy 保罗来不了
b. 内部否定和外部否定的使用规律
i. 推测用法的情态动词,一般是内部否定,即否定的是谓语动词 - You can leave now, but he may not leave
ii. 基本用法的情态动词,一般是外部否定,即否定的时情态意义 - Tom will come, but John may not come
n. 英文情态与中文情态的简单对比
i. Can对应于能够,should对应于应该
网友评论