1. Introduction

In 1955, Eugene Garfield published a paper in Science entitled "Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas". Today, Dr. Garfield stands as a pioneer in the field of bibliometrics, and his legacy of a multidisciplinary, citation database has grown over the years to encompass new technologies not envisioned 45 years ago. These new technologies have moved citation data from print to electonic format, and ultimately into a Web-based environment of hypernavigation, optimistic and context-sensitive linking, and beyond. This paper will review the way in which the citation indexes have evolved to become part of the ISI Web of Knowledge -- an integrated platform of networked resources utilized by research libraries worldwide. Starting with the importance of Dr. Garfield's efforts in bibliometrics that ultimately led to the development of the ISI platform, this paper will then focus on three critical areas: how the platform meets the growing need for access to multidisciplinary content in today's research environment; the new knowledge management query engine that allows cross-content searching; and ISI Links -- the authentication, access, and routing management system that forms the core of the platform's extensive linking capabilities.

2. Cited References: A Basis for Scientometrics

"... one of the remarkable things about Eugene Garfield is that along with the imagination, pragmatic judgment, and immense energy required to invent, produce, and develop a useful tool for a superficially routine, but fundamental, task in science -- searching the literature -- he has a deep intuitive sense of the social, cultural, and cognitive structures latent in the practice of science."

A cited reference is an acknowledgement of scholarly influence by the author of particular work. Citation indexes extend that view to encompass a range of influences on multiple authors across a variety of works. The advantage derived from citation indexing is that a researcher is able to pinpoint relevant articles by searching across the literature of diverse disciplines without knowledge of specialized vocabulary -- the reference itself is a sufficient search term. Citation indexes allow the user to identify related papers, monitor and assess the myriad ways their research is being used by others, and discover new associations between seemingly disparate research tracks. By doing so, citation indexes afford both the researcher and the historian of science an important tool in tracking the advancement of science and identifying conceptual relationships between scientific disciplines.

Dr. Garfield was well aware of these relationships. In 1961 ISI received an NIH grant to develop the "Genetics Citations Index", a project that was the precursor to the Science Ciatiton Index. Garfield focused on the idea that the citations or references at the end of a scientific paper do more than acknowledge the work of another researcher. Once indexed and incorporated into an infromation tool these citations could provide a means of tracking -- and now linking -- significant research developments forward and backward in time.

The Science Citatiton Index was first introduced in 1964 as a five volume set covering 613 journals and 1.4 million citations. Although this provided an exciting new tool for accessing the world of scientific research, data retrieval was tedious and time consuming due to the index's print format. Two years later the citation data became available on magnetic tapes, allowing institutions with the right in-house technical exerptise to begin a more automated manipulation of the citation data. As technology evolved so did ISI offerings, with the Science Citation Index (joined in 1972 by the Social Sciences Citation Index and in 1978 by the Arts & Humanities Citations Index) moving to online hosts and then CD-ROM.

In recent dacades, the time span required for the absorption of information into the world's knowledge base has been dramatically shortened. Broadened access to scholarly literature in electronic form contributed significantly to this acceleration. Whereas publication and subsequent distribution of the printed journal and printed indexes to scientific literature meant that the communication of research among colleagues might take months or years, current technology has shortened the length of the cycle to a time frame defined in days. The ubiquity of personal computers, the Web and the advent of electronic journals have indeed had an enormous impact on global access to scientific information.

For decades, those schooled in the fields of bibliometrics and scientometrics have based many of their studies on citations and have accessed the ISI citation indexes for basic data for their studies. However, it wasn't until the release of the citation indexes within a Web-based environment -- launched as the ISI Web of Science in 1997 -- that end-user researchers proactively embraced cited reference searching.

2.1 From "Citation Indexes for Science" to "ISI Web of Science"

But it is confluence of the hypertext link and development of Web browsers that has enabled us to present to users a new form of citation product -- the Web of Science -- that is intuitive and makes citation indexing conceptually accessible.

Dr. Garfield's idea for citation indexing the scientific literature was ahead of its time; in effect, he waited over 40 years for the right technology to come along in order to fully realized his vision. Although standardized capture of cited references was the crucial process needed for providing a citation searching feature, it was not until the advent of Internet technology -- including linking and query standards and protocols -- that the ISI citation indexes could become the ISI Web of Science.

Hypernavigation immediately enriched not only general searching, but citation-based searching in particular. For example, when the ISI citation database files were made avaiable via a Web-base interface, simple bibliographic retrieval was enhanced by the ability to travel through time and acreoss disciplines. Not only could researchers move quickly backward in time to uncover what research influenced an author's work (the "Cited References" hyperlink), but now they could move forward in time to discover that paper's impact on the scholarly research community (the "Times Cited" hyperlink). In addition, the "Related Records" feature could now be accessed with the simple click of a button, instantly identifying additional relevant papers based on biblipgraphic coupling, allowing researchers to uncover the cross-disciplinary use of important scientific research between seemingly unrelate fields.

The success of the linking and citation searching features are dependent in great part on how reference are captured -- the way in which a reference in a bibliography is entered during the data capture process. ISI has always maintained strict rules of standardization, utilizaing a unique, algorithmically-created cluster key to represent each document. These references, a total of 23 million annually, are then matched against a comprehensive cited reference checking system, unified, and processed for entry into the ISI Web of Science. For over 40 years ISI has ensured high quality reference capture through extensive bibliographic policy standards, and it is this diligence that has allowed the print citation indexes to evolve so successfully into the hypertext-based environment of the Web.

Moving the citation indexes to the Web environment was one step in the evolution of citedreference searching and citation analysis. However, it was not until the coalescence of various Web technologies for searching and linking and the emergence of a critical mass of Web-based content that atrue transformations could be archieved. With the ISI Web of Knowledge platform, research-oriented content, access to full-text documents, dependable links gateways, and probabilistic search engines could finally be combined to offer a truly integrated desktop environment for scholars and scientists worldwide.

2.2 The ISI Web of Knowledge Platform

The ISI Web of Knowledge is an integrated, Web-based platform designed to support all levels of scientific and scholarly research within academic, corporate, government, or non-profit environ­ments. The platform's premise is deceivingly simple: it combines high quality, evaluated content with the tools needed to use, analyze, and manage that content. The platform's goal is just as simples to allow researchers and scholars to navigate quickly and easily through all the information they need on a daily basis, and to do so directly from their desktops as a natural part of the research process.

To adequately support intellectual exploration and accelerate the process of discovery, instiutions must allow researchers to follow their ideas with a minimum of external hindrances, such as limitations of work environment or restriction of resources. For example, the research process can be interrupted if the only information resources available are incongruoue or difficult to access, or there is a restriction on when and where those resources can be used. To understand how the ISI Web of knowledge allows institutions to offer a comprehensive information solution to their researchers -- accelerating the process of scholarship and research rather than unintentionally hindering it -- it is important to review both the content offered through the platform, and the tools (particularly in the areas of searching and linking) that work with that content.

3. ISI Web of Knowledge: The Need for Multidisplinary Content

The ISI With of Knowledge platform provides a single, unified environment through which researchers can seamlessly search and access different types of information, such as journal articles, proceedings papers, patents, chemical reactions and compounds, as well as Web content at both the Web site and individual Web document level. ln addition, the content found within the plat­form is multidisciplinary, ensuring that scholars are not restricted along subject-specific lines. This becomes particularly important as research becomes more and more interdisciplinary in nature.

The advent of email, the popularization of the Web, and the introduction of electronic journals have had an enormous impact on global access to research literature, allowing scholars to locate, review, and incorporate findings from a wide variety of disciplines, For this reason, access to multidisciplinary content sources has become increasingly important for major research-oriented institutions. In order for a scientist or researcher to stay abreast of seminal research and trends, a global, multidisciplinary view of the published literature it imperative.

However, this explosion of information is a double-edged sword. As the scientific landscape changes at an unprecedented pace, the demands placed on researchers to monitor trends in the literature and key findings in specific research areas are staggering. Now the need to find information has been replaced by the need to find relevant information; the need for quality has far outshadowed the need for quantity. In this context, the evaluated, research-oriented content offered by ISI becomes even more valuable than before.

The ISI Webof Knowledge platform saves researchers time and effort by providing a single point of access to only that information relevant to the scholarly and research-oriented communities. Journals are thoroughly reviewed by editorial experts before being selected for inclusion in the ISI database. Proceedings are selected with a focus on maintaining a multidisciplinary, international collection. Patent information is just as comprehensive, collected from 40 different patent-issuing authorities in all technadogies. Each patent document is reviewed by specialty editors at Dement Inforreation^Tm who enhance every record with additional descriptive information, allowing non-patent experts to utilize this resource as effectively as patent experts. Chemical information must also meet a set of criteria before being selected for inclusion, these criteria having been determined by ISI in conjunction with major pharmaceutical companies and universities. Senior chemists and chemical specialists review the core set of chemistry journals that account for most of the new reactions and compounds published each year, ensuring that ISI provides an evaluated source for novel synthetic methods that includes substantial value-added indexing.

The importance of offering access to a set of evaluated, relevant resources cannot be under­stated, particularly when it comes to Web content. The ISI Web of Knowledge platform incorporates both selected Web sites and individual Web documents. Anyone who has attempted to locate relevant, non-consumer-oriented informationon the open Web will know the frustrations of such a task; ISI eliminates those frustrations by pre-evaluating Web sites and then selecting only those that meet our criteria for authority, accuracy, currency, site design and navigation, content, scope, audience, and quality of writing.

The goal of ISI has always been to provide evaluated content for researchers and scholars. With the advent of the ISI Web of Knowledge platform ISI is now able to extend its con­tent offerings by including complementary content in specific subject areas through agreements with other information providers. Already available within the platform is BIOSIS Prmiewe®, providing additional resources in the biological sciences. This source will be joined next year by CAB Abstracts for agricultural information, and INSPEC for additional engineering content.

4. ISI Web of Knowledge: Innovative Tools via New Technologies

A content source, no matter how targeted and relevant in scope and content, is useless if it does not provide the means by which to quickly and efficiently use, analyze, and manage the informa­tion it provides. Over the past 40 years many of the tools available within individual ISI resources have been widely used by researchers as a natural part of the research process. These tools include cited reference searching (through the ISI Web of Science), alerting (through ISI Current Contents Connect [CC Connecte]), citation-based performance measures
(through the ISI Journal Citation Reprots and ISI Essential Science Indicators), and personal bibliographic management (through Endnote, and ProCite, and Reference Manager). The ISI Web of Knowledge platform now takes these tools to the next level, offering them within an integrated environment. In addition, the modular infrastructure developed by ISI over the past three years allows the integration of new technologies directly into the platform as soon as they become available. The first of these new technologies to be embraced by ISI is muscatdiscovery^TM from Smartlogik^TM Group PLC, offering a probabilistic model for searching both structured and unstructured inforroation within the ISI Web of Knowledge platform. The result is the availability of cross-content "concept" searching through a new interface called ISI CrossSearch, and a "behind-the-scenes" search mechanism for Web documents through ISI eSearch.

4.1 ISI CrossSearch and Current Contents eSearch

ISI CrossSearch provides researchers with a single interface from which to search four types of content: journal articles found in the ISI Web of Science, conference papers found in ISI Pro­ceedings, patents found in Derwent innovations index, and biescientific information found in BIOSIS Previews. In the platform's first phase, CrossSearch will serve as an entry point into the research environment, providing a new "concept-based" search box that employs a probabilistic search methodology to present relevance-ranked results. CrossSearch works in tandem with the search features found in the individual resources: users conduct a primary cross-content search, review a consolidated, deduplicated summary results list, and then choose in which specific content source to view the full record of an item and to use special search features (such as cited reference searching in ISI Web of Science). CrossSearch helps to unify the platform by providing a single URL to access multiple content sources, thereby allowing single-sessioning across those sources In addition, the technology includes dynamic load balancing and transparent server switching to ensure maximum performance levels.

The muscatdiscovery^TM advanced indexing and retrieval technology is also used to unify the platform through a new feature called ISI eSearch. This feature offers a way to retrieve both journal articles and individual Web documents -- selected From ISI evaluated Web sites -- through a single CC Connect search. Using the Boolean terms from a researcher's CC Connect search, the engine works with a front-end query processor developed at ISI to perform simultaneous sub-queries: a Boolean sub-query to define the results set and a probabilistic sub-query to add weighting and relevance to the terms. By integrating this search feature "behind-the-scenes", a researcher can discover valuable Web resources as a natural extension of a typical journal article search without having to learn a new interface. Just as CrossSearch removes the boundaries between journal, proceedings, and patent sources, Current Contents eSearch removes the boundaries between structured content (such as scientific and scholarly journals) and the unstructured content of the Web, the PDF, PostScript, HTML, and plain text files that make up the "grey literature" of today's research environment.

Together, these two features mark the foundation for the future direction of the ISI Web of Knowledge platform: the creation of a true research portal environment. In the next phases of the development, ISI CrossSearch will continue to be the tool of choice for cross-content searching, but will become part of the platform environment (one tool of many) rather than its entry point. Future directions also include:

• Expanding the available content sources to other complementary, subject-specific resources (such as CAB Abstracts for agricultural information, and INSPEC for engineering content)
• Unifying access to internal (proprietary) and external resources within an institution
• Extending the tools currently found inindividual resources (such as alerting) to all resources in the platform
• Providing personalization options andinstitutional "branding" of the portal environment

New access and linking technologies will be monitored for possible inclusion within the plat­form infrastructure, and results from important projects such as the Open Archives Initiative will also serve to direct future development.

5. ISI Links: A Robust, Dependable Linking Solution

Although the modular infrastructure and new search technologies noted earlier serve as important, unifying features within the ISI Web of Knowledge, they provide
only part of the platform's power. Introduction of such an integrated platform would not have been possible without ISI Links, the unique authentication,
access, and routing management system that provides fast, robust, and extensive linking capabilities.

Over the past two years, ISI has been building an extensive linking infrastructure designed to address the issues of authentication (such as IP address, token generator or cookie technology, logon/password, and trusted server systems),
routing, and security access within a robust envi­ronment. The result is ISI Link, offering a single management system for the many types of links within the ISI Web of Knowledge platform:

• Intra-content links (such as from a journal article record to its "Times Cited" list, or from a journal article record to a journal table-of-contents page)
• Inter-content links (such as from a journal article record to a chemical reaction drawing, or from a patent record to a cited journal article)
• Publisher full-text links (whether hosted locally or by the publisher)
• SF X and other context-sensitive links
• OPAC links
• Protein and gene sequence database links
• Pay-per-view links

ISI Links is comprised of a central server where all links mechanisms are integrated, avoiding the costly and inefficient process of duplicating complex authentication, access, and routing systems at the level of individual product offerings.

The idea behind this gateway environment -- just like the idea behind the platform as a whole -- is simple in theory: provide a dependable system that identifies who a user is (authentication), where that user wants to go (subscription access), and then sends them to the right place (ap­propriate copy). In practice, however, it took many months of intense research and development time to determine the desired feature set. Having reviewed the current technologies and the fledg­ing projects being undertaken at the time, ISI technology specialists decided to create their own unique links management system, one that was not only more robust and dependable than current commercial offerings, but also more extensible.

As mentioned above, one use of ISI Links is inter-content linking; an example of this is the link between conference literature and journal literature. In such an example, ISI Links sends the user from the appropriate instance of ISI Proceedings to the appropriate inistance of ISI Web of Science, quickly, easily, and seamlessly, However, there are two other aspects of ISI Links management that more clearly show the innovation that lies behind the linking technology: the way in which full-text journal articles are accessed (through a combination of direct publisher feeds and RoboLinks), and the way in which coontext-sensitive linking is provided for records in the ISI Web of Science through SFX.

5.1 Links to Full-Text: Direct Publisher Feeds

When electronic versions of full-text articles first became available on the Web in sufficient quanti­ties, ISI drew upon its long-standing relationships with primary publishers to create the first phase in its full-text links management system. This initial phase relied upon direct electronic feeds from publishers in order to establish a stable hotlink from lSI bibliographic records to their full-text counterparts located at the publisher Web sites. The process required that publishers send meta-data on each article, including basic bibliographic information, a unique identifier assigned by the publisher, and the article's URL. ISI links software could then be used to generate special "keys" to be stored in specialized links table. These keys would be matched against records in the ISI database, and where matches wore found between the publisher's data and ISI data, the system would generate the appropriate hotlinks.

The advantage of the direct electronic feed process was that it ensured robust, stable links; a researcher could be certain that a full-text article would always be successfully reached simply by clicking a button. The disadvantage was that the process was labor and time-intensive, and could only be accomplished, by ISI with those publishers who had the technical expertise to provide the necessary electronic files. Since many publishers did not have this expertise, it was crucial that an additional method for linking to full-text be established.

5.2 ISI RoboLinks: No Dead Links

To meet the challenge of extending full-text links to additional publisher and society sites, ISI technology specialists have now developed a second level for the ISI links management environment.RoboLinks is an innovative, hybrid system for linking to publishers' full-text that allows ISI to combine the best of direct electronic feed technologies with dynamic, ""Optimisticor" or "algorithmic" links services are those in which links to full-text are generated by using metadata to construct a URL on the fly. The system knows the base URL and the method (algorithm) by which to construct the article-level URL. With most optimistic link services the links may or may not find their targets; it all depends on the accuracy of both the metadata and the algorithm used. However, RoboLinks offers an added twist -- a measure of dependability. As part of the process, links are actually pre-verified before a link button is displayed for the user. ISI enforces a "no dead links" policy, so that as researchers find bibliographic records of interest they can navigate directly to the full-text resources to which they are entitled, without the frustration of clickIng on a link only to find that it cannot be resolved. The benefit of RoboLinks is that it allows the ISI system to link to the full-text content of publishers (both commercial and society-based) who are unable to provide direct electronic metadata feeds; these publishers need merely grant ISI permission to perform the vertification process. The flexibility of the system allows full control of the verification proceee (such as limiting the robot to off-peak hours so that there is no burden on the publisher site), as well as expedited set up and maintenance of links to both current and back issues.

ISI customizes links to each customer's specific subscription details, allowing total control at the institutional level. Of particular concern to electronic library managers is the issue of "appro­priate copy." While other links management systems focus on providing access to only Internet (publisher-hosted) full-text content, ISI Links allows appropriate copy access to either Internet or Intranet holdings. Institutions that prefer to address security, maintenance, and technical issue internally often opt to host full-text content locally, or to have a mixture of Internet and Intranet resources, ISI fully supports appropriate copy linking at all levels -- Internet, Intranet, or mixed­-mode -- and to date over 250 institutions across five continent have taken advantage of this unique capability.

Together, direct publisher feeds and RoboLinks hybrid algorithmic links provide a unique and powerful mechanism for accessing "appropriate copy'' full-text within the ISI Web of Knowledge platform.

5.3 SFX for Context-Sensitive Linking: Extending Library Resources

Finally, a discussion of ISI links capabilities would not be complete without mentioning the im­port role of context-sensitive linking software within the ISI platform. As a first step in incor­porating this new management technology within the ISI Web of Knowledge platform, ISI has embraced the SfX OpenURL linking technology by SFX-enabling the ISI Web of Science. As this technolog was first proposed by Herbert van de Sompel and his colleagues at Ghent University, and is currently offened by Ex Libris, Ltd, only a cursory explanation of its workings will be noted here.

SFX is a software product that uses metadata to provide context sensitive linking of all the electronic resources in an institution's information center or library. Such resources include (but are not limited to) scientific and scholarly indexes, online library catalogs, full-text repositories, and e-print archives. Serving as the central management point for all these resources, SFX works to connect "sources" and "target". A source has link buttons to SFX, while a target is a service to which SFX can link. When implemented as a source, an information system -- such as the ISI Web of Science -- links directly to the SFX interface. For example, a link button is embedded in the ISI Web of Science at the full record screen, and when that link button is clicked, the bibliographic metadata about the full record is passed to SFX in a format specified as the OpenURL. SFX determines from the metadata if there are any electronic items in the institution that are related to the ISI Web of Science article record, and then lists those items as potential "targets". One target may be the library OPAC, offering a way for the user to check local holdings for the journal article in question.

The OpenURL is designed so that a service component can receive as well as send Information, extending the services within the electronic collections of a particular institution. SFX facilitates a fully interlinked environment for the library, seamlessly linking heterogeneous information resources, hosted internally or externally,and regardless of fonnat and communications protocol. Potential targets for linking are limited only by the institution's digital collection, and the system can be defined to include both licensed content as well as free Web resources.

6. Conclusion

Today, ISI citation data are more manageable and more easily accessible than ever before, and the bibliometric methods first introduced by Eugene Garfield continue to be the primary tools of those focused on the study of scholarly communication and scientific trends analysis. ISI continually mon­itors trends in Web-based applications, database development, scholarly communication, digital libraries, and the publishing industry as a whole in order to continually expand the capabilities of its analytical applications for citation data. (The newest analytical offering -- ISI Essential Science Indicators -- has just been released.) Additionally, customer expectations are a driving force be­hind any new directions explored by ISI. By incorporating new technologies with a forward-thinking view of the evolution of scholarly communication, ISI has created an integrated environment to meet researcher demands: the ISI Web of Knowledge. This powerful new platform provides a sin­gle point ofen try to research-oriented and scholarly resources, offering extensive, multidisciplinary coverage of journal, patent, proceedings, chemical, and Web content. Specialized coverage of tar­geted content in the life sciences, agriculture, and engineering is made possible through strategic alliances with ISI information partners, and content in additional disciplines will be added in the future. The platform also offers sophisticated new search tools for cross-content and Web document searching, and provides a comprehensive, robust linking gateway to ensure appropriate access to appropriate copy at any time. Only in its first phase, the platform's future development will serve to transform it into a true portal environment. In effect, the ISI Web of Knowledge uses the most current technology to transform the research process and bring to life the power of Dr. Garfield'a vision -- that citation navigation and analysis serve as unequaled tools in the exploration of ideas and the advancement of science.

Thanks to Garfield's insights and ingenuity... Citations are no longer relegated to the shadowlands of sociology, but increasingly woven into mainstream accounts of the evolution of science and the diffusion of ideas.

(References are Omitted)

Additional Information

ISI Web of Knowledge

ISI Web of Knowledge^SM is today's premier research platform, helping you quickly find, analyze, and share information in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. You get integrated access to high quality literature through a unified plaform that links a wide variety of content and search terms together, creating one common vocabulary and one seamless search.

Over 20 million researchers in 90 countries base their research, planning, and budget decisions on the content and analytics they find in ISI Web of Knowledge^SM

ISI Web of Knowledge ^SM has greatly accelerated our researchers' ability to search for the information they need in their respective fields without useless data returns that only clutter the process. When you save time, you inevitably save money.

-- Ms. Elenera Almeida, Access Coordinator, CAPES Consortium, Brazil.

1. Frequently Asked Questions

Your understanding of ISI Web of Knowledge and what it can do for you is important to us. Below are answers to some of the most frequently asked questions.

1.1 What's the Difference between Web of Science and ISI Web of Knowiedge?

ISI Web of Knowledge is a comprehensive research platform, which means it brings together many different types of content for searching. Journal articles, patents, websites, conference proceedings, Open Access material - all can be accessed through one interface, using a variety of powerful search and analysis tool.

Web of Science can be found within ISI Web of Knowledge. This resource offers access to journal articles in the sciences, social sciences and arts and humanities, Web of Science contains over 100 years of valuable research, fully indexed and cross-searchable.

1.2 Is the Journal I'm Reading or Publishing in Included in ISI Web of Knowledge?

Go to the Master Journal List (http://scientific.thomson.com/mjl/) to browse through the com­plete alphabetical list of journals that are indexed in ISI Web of Knowledge.

1.3 What Is the All Database Tab in ISI Web of Knowledge?

The All Database tab lets you simultaneously search across all content that your institution subscribes to within the ISI Web of Knowledge platform. You'll be see complete results in one
interface, without having to identify identical articles. You'll be assured of no gaps in coverage. And you gain speed with no compromise in quality or accuracy.

1.4 How Do I Find Specific Articles by Name, Author or Subject?

In ISI Web of Knowledge under the All Databases tab you can search by: Topic, Title, Author, Publication Name, Year Published and/or Address.

In Web of Science you can search by all of the methods listed previously as well as by: Group Author, Conference, Language and Document Type as well.

The "Author Finder" function available
in some of the individual databases works well when you're looking for a specific author. This
function is available near the search fields in the particular database.

1.5 How do I Find Journals by Specific Subject or Field?

Without entering the platform itself you
can find journals contained within ISI Web of Knowledge via our Master Journal List (http://scientific.thomson.com/mjl/). Though they are not listed there by specific subject they are categorized by database, named aptly for the subject or fields they cover.

From within ISI Web of knowledge there is a
"My Journal List" feature available to users registered in the platform. Once you are
signed in, click on "My Journal List." There you can search for specific journals by full name, alphabetically or by subject. You can save your favorite journals to display on your main page plus you can set up to receive Table of Contents email alerts.

1.6 What Is the Analyze Tool?

The Analyze tool helps you discover trends mid patterns in your search results. You can find out exactly who the top authors are within your
area of interest -- the top institutions -- the journals publishing most of the information you seek -- and more. And you'll be able to see broad trends that indicate what topics are currently hot, and trace the history of particular areas of study.

1.7 What Is Cited Reference Searching?

Cited reference searching lets you use a
reference's citations to identify more artides
on the same topic. You can search the author's
citations to look backward in time to see an item's prior influences. Or you could search the articles that cite a particular item to trace research forward in time and discover new developments.

1.8 How Can I Use ISI Web of Knowledge to Manage and Format My References and Write Papers?

EndNote Web is a convenient bibliographic management tool, fully integrated in ISI Web of Knowledge. You can send references to EndNote Web as you search ... switch between exploring and editing instantly ... link directly to other valuable ISI Web of Knowledge feature ... share your EndNote Web folders with other users ... all
without leaving your search session.

1.9 What Is an Alert?

You can save any search history -- general,
chemical structure and cited reference -- as
an email alert. You can set up and manage your alerts via your ISI Web of Knowledge homepage. Link directly to the full bibliographic record from the HTML you will receive.

1.10 What Is a Citation Alert?

A citation alert notifies you by Email whenever a record you choose has been cited by a new record that has been added to the database. Sign in to your ISI Web of Knowledge and click on the "My Citation Alerts" link at the top of the page. To add an article to your list:

• Perform a search in one of the ISI Web of Knowledge citation database products (such as Web of Science).
• When viewing a Full Record, click the "Create Citation Alert" button (not all Full Records in all products will have this button -- read Help for more information).

ISI Web of Science

Web of Science provides researchers, administrators, faculty, and students with quick, powerful access to the world's leading citation databases. Authoritative, multidisciplinary content covers over 10,000 of the highest impact journals worldwide, including Open Access journals and over 110,000 conference proceedings. You'll find current and retrospective
coverage in the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities, with coverage available to 1900.

Overcome information overload and focus on
essential data across 256 disciplines.

Web of Science makes it possible to conduct cross-disciplinary research and
'drill down' into very specialized
subfields within disciplines. The ability to navigate for­ward or backward within a field of literature, identifying citation patterns and core publications -- which have always been a key feature of citation indices -- is incredibly easy to conduct with Web of Science.

-- Sul H. Lee, Dean, University Libraries, University of Oklahoma, U.S.

1. With Web of Science, You Can:

• Find high-impact articles and conference proceedings
• Uncover relevant results in related fields.
• Discover emerging trends that help you pursue successful research and grant acquisition.
• Identify potential collaborators with significant citation records.
• Integrate Searching, writing, and bibliography creation into one streamlined process.

2. Why Choose Web of Science?

2.1 Comprehensive and Relevant Coverage

Every journal included in Web of Science has met the high standards of an objective evaluation process that eliminates clutter and
excess and delivers data that is accurate, meaningful and timely.

2.2 Cited Reference Searching

Track prior research and monitor current developments, see who is citing your work, measure the influence of colleagues' work, and follow the path of today's hottest ideas. Navigate forward, backward and through the journals and proceedings litetature, searching all disciplines and time spans to discover information with impact.

2.3 Easy Author identification

Locate articles written by the same
authors in a simple, single search. Find the right author, right away -- eliminating the problems of similar author names or several authors with the same name.

2.4 Insightful Analysis Options

Find hidden trends and patterns, gain insight into emerging fields of research, and identify leading researchers, institutions, and journals with the Analyze Tool. You can also capture citation activity with Citation Report, instantly creating formatted reports to view vital citation information for individuals or institutions. Citation Maps make it easy to visualize citation connections and discover as article's citation relationships.

2.5 Wide-Ranging Proceedings Content

Track the influence and impact of individual proceedings papers, conferences as a whole, or the conference series. Detect emerging trends that help you pursue successful research and grant ac­quisition, and create performance metrics that show the true impact of your work. This capability is especially valuable in fields such as computer science, engineering and the physical sciences, where proceedings can have a huge impact on the total number of citations to an individual's or institution's work.

2.6 Over 100 Years of Berle Data

Track a century of vital data and find the supporting -- or refuting -- data you need. More backfiles give you the power to conduct deeper, more comprehensive searches and track
trends through time.

3. What's Included?

3.1 Cover-to-Cover Indexing

With Web of Science, you can access every significant item from a journal, including original research articles, reviews, editorials, chronologies, abstracts, and more.

3.2 A Full Range of Disciplines

Find information in areas such as agriculture, biological sciences, engineering, medical and life sciences, physical and chemical sciences, anthropology, law, library sciences, architecture, dance, music, film, and theater. *Web of Science* offers access to six comprehensive citation databases:

1. Science Citation Indeix Expanded: Over 7,100 major journals across 150 disciplines, to 1900.
2. Social Science Citation index: Over 2,474 journals across 50 social science disciplines, as well as 3,500 of the world's leading scientific and technical journals, to 1956.
3. Arts & Humanities Citation Index: Over 1,395 arts and humanities journals, as well as selected items from over 6,000 scientific and social sciences journals.
4. Conference Proceedings Citation Index: Over 110,000 journals and book-based proceedings in two editions: Science and Social Science and Humanities, across 256 disciplines.
5. Index Chemicus: Over 2.6 million compounds, to 1993.
6. Current Chemical Reactions: Over one million reactions, to 1986, plus INPI archives from 1840 to 1985.

3.3 Integrated Bibliography Management

Use EndNote Web, fully integrated and freely available to any Web of Science user, to easily access and organize your references online. Send references to EndNote Web as you searth, share EndNote Web> folders with others, store references online between search sessions.

3.4 Related Records

Enhance the power of cited reference searching by searching across disciplines for all the articles that have cited references in commom.

3.5 Times Cited

Discover a paper's influence by linking to all the papers that have cited it.

3.6 Full-Text Links

Directly access publishers' full-text articles.

3.7 Alerting and RSS Feeds

Keep up to date with the information that matters to you by saving general, cited reference and chemical structure searches as email alerts. Or set up RSS feeds for saved searches and Citation Alerts.

Journal Citation Reports

Journal Citation Reports offers a systematic, objective means to critically
evaluate the wortd's leading journals, with quantifiable, statistical information based on citation data. By compiling articles' cited references, JCR Web helps to
measure research influence and impact at the journal and category levels, and shows the relationship between citing and cited journals. Available in Science and Social Sciences editions.

JCR is still the only usable tool to rank thousands of scholarly and professional journals within their discipline or subdiscipline. For educated decisions about selecting and deselecting journals in college libraries, and gauging the prestige and influence of journals, it is a very good tool.

-- Peter Jacso, Peter's Digital Reference Shelf.

1. With Journal Citation Reports, You Can:

1. Librarians can support, evaluate and document the value of their library research invest­ments.
2. Publishers can determine journals' influence in the marketplace, to review editorial policies and strategic direction, monitor competitors, and identify new opportunities.
3. Authors and editors can identify the most appropriate, influential journals in which to publish.
4. Researchers can discover where to find the current reading list in their respective fields. Information analysts and bibliomotricians can track bibliometric and citation trends and patterns.

2. Why Choose Journal Citation Reports?

1. Sort journal data by clearly defined fields: Impact Factor, immediacy Index, Total Cites, Total Articles, Cited Half-Life, or Journal Title.
2. Sort subject category data by clearly defined fields: Total Cites, Median Impact Factor, Aggregate impact Factor, Aggregate Immediacy Index, Aggregated Cited Half-Life, Number of Journals in Category Number of Articles in Category.
3. View a journal's impact with a five-year Impact Factor trend graph.
4. Understand a journal's citation influence and prestige with Elgenfactor^TM Metrics -- five-year metrics that consider scholarly literature as a network of journal-to-journal rela­tionships.
5. Visualize impact factor by journal category with impact factor boxplots.
6. Rank journals inmultiple categories.
7. See how journal self-citations affect impact factor.
8. Full integration with ISI Web of Knowledge lets you link from Web of Science to JCR Web; from JCR journal records to ulrichsweb.com and recent Current Contents Connect tables of contents; and to and from your library's OPAC.

3. What's Included?

1. In-depth journal coverage: Covers more than 8,000 of the world's moat highly cited, peer-reviewed journals. Journals are from 3,300 publishers in approximately 227 disciplines, from 66 countries.
2. Two editions: The Sciences Edition covers over 6,500 journals; the Social Sciences Edition covers over 1,900.
3. Cited and citing journal statistics from 1997 forward.

4. Impact Factor

4.1 Journal Impact Factor

The journal Impact Factor is the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past two years have been cited in the JCR year.

The Impact Factor is calculated by dividing the number of citations in the JCR year by the total number of articles published in the two previous years. An Impact Factor of 1.0 means that, on average, the articles published one or two year ago have been cited one time. An Impact Factor of 2.5 means that, on average, the articles published one or two year ago have bean cited two and a half times. Citing articles may be from the same journal; most citing articles are from different journals.

4.2 5-Year Journal impact Factor

The 5-year journal Impact Factor is the average number of times articles from the journal published in the past five years have been cited in the JCR year. It is caculated by dividing the number of citations in the JCR year by the total number of articles published in the five previous years.

The 5-year Impact Factor is available only in JCR 2007 and subsequent years. You may calculate the 5-year Impact Factor using an earlier JCR year as a starting point by following these instructions.

4.3 Aggregate impact Factor

The aggregate Impact Factor for a subject category is calculated the same way as the Impact Factor for a journal, but it takes into account the number of citations to all journals in the category and the number of articles from all journals in the category. An aggegate Impact Factor of 1.0 means that that, on average, the articles in the subject category published one or two years ago have been cited one time. The median Impact Factor is the median value of all journal thapact Factors in the subject category.

The impact Factor mitigates the importance of absolute citation frequencies. It tends to discount the advantage of large journals over small journals because large journals produce a larger body of citable literature. For the same reason, it tends to discount the advantage of frequently issued journals over less frequently issued ones and of older journals over newer ones. Because the journal impact factor offsets the advantages of size and age, it is a valuable tool for journal evaluation.

4.4 impact Factor Trend Graph

The Impact Factor Trend Graph shows the Impact Factor for a five-year period. To view the graph, click the Impact Factor Trend button at the top of the Journal page.

4.5 Impact Factor Box Plot

The Impact Factor box plot (Figure 1) depicts the distribution of Impact Factors for all journals in the category. The horizontal line that formsthe top of the box is the 75th percentile, The horizontal line that forms the bottom is the 25th percentile. The horizontal line that intersects the box is the median Impact Factor for the category. The cross represents the mean value.

Figure 1 Impact factor box plot.JPG

Horizontal lines above and below the box represent maximum and minimum values that are no more than 1.5 times the span of the interquartile range, which is the range of values between the 25th and the 75th percentiles. These lines are commonly referred to as "whiskers."

An open circle represents an outlier, which is a single value greater or less than the extremes indicated by the whiskers.

Swine Influenza -- Lessons from History Identified by the Web of Science

Utilizing the 110 years of coverage of international scholarly journals the Web of Science from Thomson Reuters can identify highly valuable research relating to Influenza Epidemics.

1. Introduction

The Web of Science covers over
11,000 authoritative scholarly journals and 130,000 academic conferences from around the globe, reflecting all fields of scholarly research, and is the world's leading citation database,
The unique capability of the Web of Science's citation coverage facilitates the linking between current research articles and those previous articles that were utilized by the researchers. Additionally, citations can instantly uncover the most important high-impact research. This article uses the Web of Science to uncover important research from the past that may help researchers investigate the current Swine Influenza outbreak.

2. Historic Trends

Searching article titles in the Web of Science using the Boolean search: "(influenza or flu) and epidem" will find 1,477 unique articles. Looking at the year of publication of the articles, there is a distinct and large peak in the number of records published shortly after she outbreak of A/H1N1 influenza (Spanish Flu) in 1918-1919.

Although early indications suggest that it will not have the virulence of the 1918 influenza epidemic, the 2009 outbreak of Swine Influenza is also the A/H1N1 strain, unlike the 1957 Asian Flu (A/H2N2 strain) or the 1968 Hong Kong flu (A/H3N3 strain). Both the Asian and Hong Kong Flu epidemics have also been succeeded by an increase in the number of scholarly articles published.

The more recent high activity in research maybe related to the repeated outbreaks of the H5N1 strain of influenza, often known as bird or avian influenza, particularly during 2003 and 2005.

It is worth noting that in general terms the overall volumes of scholarly articles published, in all fields of research, have been increasing year on year. Therefore the site of the peak in the period of 1918-1924 is actually far higher when considered as a proportion of the overall body of scholarly research published in the same period. Figure 1 shows the publishing trend normalized to 2008 levels of publishing volumes.

Figure 1 Number of article per year relating to influenza epidemics.JPG

3. Highly Cited Articles

Measuring the number of citations to an article gives an indication of how influential the article has been and can be a useful tool to quickly identify the most important and groundbreaking research. There are many relevant and highly cited articles published throughout the period. Selected highly cited articles from the Web of Science relating to influenza epidemics published between 1918 and 1980 are listed below:

• J.Houswort, A.D. Langmuir, "Excess mortality from epidemic influenza," American Journal of Epidemiology, 100(1): 40-8, 1974. Times Cited: 135
• T.C. Eickhoff, LL.Sherman, IL, R.E. Serfling, "Observations on excess mortality associated with epidemic influenza," JAMA-Journal of the American Medical Association, 176(9): 776, 1961. Times Cited: 155
• F.M. Daveport, A.V Hennessy, T.Francis, "Epidemiologic and immunologic significance of age distribution of antibody to antigenic variants of influenza virus," Journal of Experimental Medicine, 98(6): 641-656, 1953. Times Cited: 237
• F.L. Horsfall, "Neutralization of epidemic influenza virus - The linear relationship between the quantity of serum and the quantity of virus neutralized," Journal of Experimental Medicine, 70(2): 209-222, 1939. Times Cited: 165

Many articles published in older literature continue to be cited in the present day, demon-strating that they are still of value to current research.

4. Conclusion

Thankfully, influenza epidemics are a rare occurrence, and the last epidemic of A/H1N1 strain was in 1918. Scholarly research from that period of time may be of value to researchers today -- howerver, research from this period can be difficult to locate because most literature databases do not cover so far back in time. Furthermore, narrowing in on the relevant and important articles may prove difficult because the research has fallen out of institutional memory. The Web of Science, with its excellent retrospective coverage and powerful search tools based on citations, can be a useful aid to discovering this hard-to-locate information.